Papers by Santosh Rayamajhi
Wildlife response to management regime and habitat loss in the Terai Arc Landscape of Nepal
Biological Conservation, Nov 30, 2023
Climate change adaptation and water induced disaster management in Nepal (a case of terai and mountain district of Nepal)
Environment, rate of growth, effect of intercultivation and volume production in Dalbergia sissoo and Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations at Sagarnath (Nepal)
The Indian Forester, Feb 1, 2000
The Sagarnath Forestry Development Project is the largest mechanised plantation initiative in Nep... more The Sagarnath Forestry Development Project is the largest mechanised plantation initiative in Nepal. Of the 11000 ha planted, around 55% is Eucalyptus and 40% Dalbergia sissoo . In all 20 sites (8 planted with D. sissoo and 12 planted with Eucalyptus ) were taken up for study of the diameter and height growth. Most of the plantations were-intercuItivated for periods varying from 1 to 5 years. The age of D. sissoo plantations ranged from 3 to 25 years while those of Eucalyptus was from 3 to 13 years. Regression equations for Age/Diameter and Diameter/Height were established for both the species under intercropped and not intercropped conditions. It was observed that intercropping gives initially good start to the plants, however in the long run, the growth is determined by the site potential and the impact of intercropping is nullified. It was seen that upto the age of 3 years the diameter gTowth of both Eucalyptus and D. sissoo was equal while between 3 to 11 years Eucalyptus had better growth than D. sissoo . However thereafter D. sissoo has better diameter growth. Regarding volume (O.B.) production in Eucalyptus the average scenario from the (8-13 years age) data of Eucalyptus gave productivity of 15.86 m 3 /ha/year while the best scenario (9 years of age) gave a figure of 31.01 m 3 /ha/year and the worst scenario gave a figure of 6.44 m 3 /ha/year for 13 years old plantation. In case of D. sissoo the average Volume (O.B.) production at 15 years was 11.17 m 3 /ha/year and at 25 years it was 15.35 m 3 /ha/year.
Banko Janakari, 2018
Nepal has succeeded in granting better protection for its Asian rhino population that has become ... more Nepal has succeeded in granting better protection for its Asian rhino population that has become exemplary in the world. Effective law enforcement along with community participation has been acclaimed as a reason for this achievement. However, there have been very few studies to assess the effectiveness of current anti-poaching strategies. In this study, we assessed the performance of SMART patrolling and population trend of rhino in Chitwan National Park (CNP). The patrol data collected through patrolling logbooks were used to visualize the coverage of SMART in the CNP and its Buffer Zone by dividing it into 1km*1km grid cell. Logistic regression models were used to analyze whether or not the patrol effort and patrol frequency correlate with the reduction in occurrences of illegal activities. A total of 6,593 patrols were conducted within the last fifteen months. Logistic regression models revealed that sites with a greater frequency of patrols, rather than the combined distance wa...
Banko Janakari, 2015
In mountainous areas including the Himalayas, tree lines are expected to advance to higher altitu... more In mountainous areas including the Himalayas, tree lines are expected to advance to higher altitudes due to global climate change affecting the distribution and growth of plant species. This study aimed at identifying the tree ring variability of Abies spectabilis (D. Don) and its response to the climate along an elevation gradient in the high Himalayas of central Nepal. Tree core samples were collected from four sites in Mustang district. All sites were located in the same valley and exposed to similar weather conditions. Out of 232 samples collected from the sites, Titi lower (2700 m), Titi upper (2900 m), Pangukhark (3100 m) and Lete upper (3300 m), 44, 40, 39 and 41 series were successfully cross-dated and ring-width chronologies including 168, 79, 138 and 156 years previous to 2012 were developed, respectively. Statistically significant differences in average annual radial growth were noted among the four sites with the highest radial growth observed at mid-elevation sites. Chr...
Livelihood strategies and poverty in rural Nepal
Importance of Forest and Non-forest Environmental Resources to Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Insights from a Case Study in Nepal
Design Science and Innovation, 2022
Do remittances make poor households more resistant to ‘natural disasters’? Evidence from the 2015 earthquake in Nepal
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022
Forests are crucial to the livelihoods of millions of poor people in developing countries. Yet qu... more Forests are crucial to the livelihoods of millions of poor people in developing countries. Yet quantitative approaches to estimate the economic value of forest products and other environmental resources at householdlevel across different sites have only recently been developed and experiences on using such methods are only presently emerging. This paper presents methodological experiences from using a structured household survey approach to estimate household forest dependency in two high altitude areas in Central Nepal. Area and village level background and contextual information was collected using qualitative techniques; this was followed by a structured household (n = 180) survey conducted over a full year from December 2005 to December 2006. Households were randomly selected and inter alia subjected to quarterly income surveys. The emphasis in this paper is on investigating whether own-reported value data is valid and reliable. It is concluded that it is reasonable to use house...
Does the Market Economy Save the Local Natural Resources While Improving Human Welfare? The Case of 101 Natural Forests in the Middle Hills of Nepal
Japan Geoscience Union, 2019
Ecology and Evolution, 2021
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, wh... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In spring of 2012, we studied the feeding habits of snow leopard using a comprehensive approach t... more In spring of 2012, we studied the feeding habits of snow leopard using a comprehensive approach that combines fecal genetic sampling, macro and microscopic analysis of snow leopard diets and direct observation of Naur and livestock in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area of east Nepal. Out of collected 88 putative snow leopard scat samples from 140 transects (290 km) in 27 (4*4 km2) sampling grid cells, 83% were confirmed to be from snow leopard. The genetic analysis accounted for 19 individual snow leopards (10 male and 9 female) with a mean population size estimate of 24 (95% CI: 19- 29), and an average density of 3.9 snow leopards/100 km2 within 609 km2. Total available prey biomass of Naur and Yak was estimated at 355,236 kg (505 kg yak/km2 and 78 kg Naur/km2). From the available prey biomass, we estimated snow leopards consumed 7% annually which was comprised of wild prey (49%), domestic livestock (45%), and 6% unidentified items. The estimated 47,736 kg Naur biomass gives a snow le...
Oryx, 2016
Wildlife attacks on people in and around protected areas have become one of the main challenges f... more Wildlife attacks on people in and around protected areas have become one of the main challenges for wildlife management authorities. We assessed all correlates of wildlife attacks during 2003–2013 in the vicinity of Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We used data from various sources (discussion with stakeholders, field observations, questionnaire surveys). Wildlife attacks were significantly correlated to factors such as site, season and time, activity, gender and awareness. Moreover, 89% of recorded attacks occurred outside the Park. The number of attacks fluctuated widely and patterns of attacks were significantly uneven across seasons and months. Of the 87% of attacks that occurred during the day, 63% occurred in the morning. Most victims were male and c. 45% of attacks occurred when people were collecting forest resources or working on croplands. Attacks were carried out predominantly by rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis (38%), tigers Panthera tigris (21%), sloth bears Melursus ursinu...
Citation
When theory meets reality how to do forest income surveys in practice
Timber forest management in Nepal and Japan
Land tenure and …, 2001
... Abstract. A review on community forest management in the inner Tarai of Nepal and in postwar ... more ... Abstract. A review on community forest management in the inner Tarai of Nepal and in postwar Japan is presented. The results of case studies on management efficiency of timber forests and plantations in Nepal and Japan are reported. ...
Forest dependency, livelihoods and conservation of high altitude forests in Nepal
Shrubs Woody perennial vegetation less than 5 m in height. Grassland Land with grass as the predo... more Shrubs Woody perennial vegetation less than 5 m in height. Grassland Land with grass as the predominant natural vegetation; may have scattered trees (savannah) of less than 10% canopy cover. Residential areas, infrastructure Land used for buildings, roads, etc. Wetland Land where water saturates the soil, not classified as by forests or agricultural land. Others Land not fitting into any of the above categories. Stock Stock represents an amount of goods (e.g. agricultural, livestock, or business) owned by a household. Households gradually sell and replenish their stock to earn an income. For example, stock for a household who owns a shop would be the amount of goods in the shop (drinks, food, other items). Capital Capital is the amount of equipment (e.g. buildings, cages, machinery) a household owns as part of a business (e.g. shop or poultry farm). It does not include the stock (see above). 11 4. A detailed guide to the data collection activities This section provides a guide to the GEQ data collection instruments. 4.1 Structured household survey The household survey contains five sections (A, B, C, D, E). Here, rules and hints are given for each section separately. 4.1.1 Section A: Open questions to be asked at the household level Asking open questions at the beginning of an interview is a good way to start as it (i) allows the researcher/enumerator to get an overall idea of the context in which the interview will take place and the issues which will be dealt with and (ii) is a smooth way to start a conversation (i.e. instead of starting straight out with more sensitive questions (e.g. about income or assets). Remember that we are interested in people's perceptions of the facts. Therefore, enumerators should refrain from expressing their own opinion during interviews. When conducting those qualitative interviews, make sure to follow advices given under section 5.2. 4.1.2 Section B: Quarterly household income survey We refer to the excellent guidelines provided in PEN (20017), and in particular to the sections on "Getting the time frame right", "Cells that can be calculated", "Illegal activities and underreporting", "Recall periods", and "Valuation and pricing". The PEN guidelines also have very useful sections on questionspecific hints and rules in relation to the income survey questions. The codes are included in Appendix 5. Using uniform coding is important for data quality. Suggestions for new codes should be emailed to mapo@ifro.ku.dk. You will have to use the Household Identification Number (HID) which has been used previously by the ComForM project. 4.1.3 Section C: Survey questions on earthquake-related asset loss Question-specific rules and hints: Question 1a. This question concerns the evolvement of household's economic condition between 2068 (2011-12, when last visited) until immediately before the earthquake. It is a good idea to mention an important event that happened in 2068 as a point of reference for the respondents. Make sure that the respondents do not get influenced by what happened after the earthquake when answering this question. Question 1b. This question is only to be answered if the respondent answers that his/her household's economic condition has improved or worsen in question 1a. This question is the only question that in particular requires some enquiring and searching from your side because the respondent may not be precise in their formulation. What we need to know are the direct causes affecting economic wealth. For example, the respondent may say that land exhaustion/declining productivity (LLE-) is the principal reason for economic deterioration. Your job is
Growth dynamics of Shorea robusta Gaertn in relation to climate change: a case study from tropical region of Nepal
Trees
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Papers by Santosh Rayamajhi