Sangyeon Kim

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Papers by Sangyeon Kim

Touchable pixels: Examining the affordance effect between an on-screen object and a user-elicited gesture on the touchscreen

Computers in Human Behavior

A Preliminary Study of Multimodal Feedback Interfaces in Takeover Transition of Semi-Autonomous Vehicles

14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications

Designing a pragmatic explanation for the XAI system based on the user's context and background knowledge

Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence

Three levels of perceiving affordance: possibility, specificity, and signification levels

Proceedings of the 30th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, 2018

In this paper, a new framework of perceiving affordance, based on the ecological approach and neu... more In this paper, a new framework of perceiving affordance, based on the ecological approach and neuroscientific findings, is proposed. Although affordance has been one of the most famous concepts in the human-computer interaction (HCI) field, it has been somewhat inconsistent. In addition, the perceiving process of affordance has not been fully explained, while affordance itself has often been studied. Therefore, first, we review the original concept of affordance in the ecological approach. Second, neuroscientific findings on affordance are reviewed and associated with ecological psychology. As a result, affordance is related to three visual systems in the brain: dorso-dorsal, ventro-dorsal, and ventral systems. Based on the results, we propose three levels of perceiving affordance: possibility, specificity, and signification levels. We expect that the explanatory framework, called 'three levels of perceiving affordance,' contributes to clarifying both affordance and perceivi...

Designing Explainability of an Artificial Intelligence System

Proceedings of the Technology, Mind, and Society, 2018

This paper discusses the problem of responsibility attribution raised by the use of artificial in... more This paper discusses the problem of responsibility attribution raised by the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. It is assumed that only humans can be responsible agents; yet this alone already raises many issues, which are discussed starting from two Aristotelian conditions for responsibility. Next to the well-known problem of many hands, the issue of "many things" is identified and the temporal dimension is emphasized when it comes to the control condition. Special attention is given to the epistemic condition, which draws attention to the issues of transparency and explainability. In contrast to standard discussions, however, it is then argued that this knowledge problem regarding agents of responsibility is linked to the other side of the responsibility relation: the addressees or "patients" of responsibility, who may demand reasons for actions and decisions made by using AI. Inspired by a relational approach, responsibility as answerability thus offers an important additional, if not primary, justification for explainability based, not on agency, but on patiency.

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Effects of explanation types and perceived risk on trust in autonomous vehicles

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2020

Despite technological advances, trust still remains as a major issue facing autonomous vehicles. ... more Despite technological advances, trust still remains as a major issue facing autonomous vehicles. Existing studies have reported that explanations of the status of automation systems can be an effective strategy to increase trust, but these effects can differ depending on the forms of explanations and autonomous driving situations. To address this issue, this study examines the effects of explanation types and perceived risk on trust in autonomous vehicles. Three types of explanations (i.e., no, simple, and attributional explanations) are designed based on attribution theory. Additionally, four autonomous driving situations with different levels of risk are designed based on a simulator program. Results show that explanation type significantly affects trust in autonomous vehicles, and the perceived risk of driving situations significantly moderates the effect of the explanation type. At a high level of perceived risk, attributional explanations and no explanations lead to the lowest and highest values in trust, respectively. However, at a low level of perceived risk, these effects reverse.

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Effects of Visual Cues on Distance Perception in Virtual Environments Based on Object Identification and Visually Guided Action

International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020

In perceiving a virtual environment (VE), distance perception is important in that it affects use... more In perceiving a virtual environment (VE), distance perception is important in that it affects users' behaviors and interactions. This study addresses an ongoing issue of virtual reality (VR), distance underestimation within a VE. For this purpose, a 2x2x2x5 mixed design was used with two betweensubject variables [visual cue for perception (provided and non-provided) and visual cue for action (provided and non-provided)] and two within-subject variables [response measure (verbal estimation and triangulated blind walking) and distance (1 m, 5 m, 10 m, 20 m, and 35 m)]. Sixty-four undergraduate or graduate students participated in the experiment, and a cube was chosen as the target object. The experimental results showed that visual cues for action mitigated distance underestimation and improved the accuracy of perceived distances. In general, distance underestimation was more obvious in the triangulated blind walking than the verbal estimation, and in the action/vista space than personal space, with relatively lower accuracies. Meanwhile, when visual cue for action were provided, the degree of underestimation decreased significantly with higher accuracy particularly in the triangulated blind walking. Although overestimation was found across all the distances in the verbal estimation, overestimation was found only for the personal distance, and underestimation was found for the action/vista distances in the triangulated blind walking. In both response measures, the accuracy of distance perceptions were the worst in the 10 m condition. These findings can be expected to provide insight into the problem of distance underestimation and can help guide design of VEs.

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A Study of Human-centered User Interface Design for the Large Display System in a Virtual Power Plant

Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2019

This study proposes a user interface design guideline for large display systems (LDSs) in virtual... more This study proposes a user interface design guideline for large display systems (LDSs) in virtual power plants (VPPs) to support the effective management of power resources. Background: VPP is a technology which enables to manage unstable distributed power resources effectively. To achieve efficient management, a proper user interface needs to be suggested considering the technical aspects of VPP. Method: Based on a technical specification of VPP, we draw a hierarchical information architecture for VPP operations and suggest proper ways of the information visualization and color application for user interface design. Results: We present an example of interface design for LDS in VPP with some general design guidelines. Conclusion: To develop a proper interface of LDS in VPP, designers need to 1) identify an information architecture for VPP operations, 2) place functional modules in LDS considering hierarchical properties of the information architecture, and 3) visualize the modules focusing on the brightness and conventional rules of design. Application: The results of this study can be applied to construct a user interface system of VPP.

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Smash the dichotomy of Skeuomorphism and flat design: Designing an affordable interface to correspond with the human perceptuomotor process

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 2020

Abstract Skeuomorphism and flat design, which are the most prevalent design styles, have both str... more Abstract Skeuomorphism and flat design, which are the most prevalent design styles, have both striven for supremacy in interface design. A consensus has not been reached due to inconsistent findings in academia and groundless arguments on the internet. In this article, we aim to explore perceptuomotor differences between these two design styles via object-based correspondence effects. Experiments with object-based correspondence effects allow the affordance to be measured quantitatively, comparing both perceptual and operational aspects of each design style. In Experiment 1, the two design styles are compared in terms of the correspondence effect between handle-orientation (left/right) and a user's responding hand (right hand/left hand). In Experiment 2, the two design styles are compared in terms of the correspondence effect between object size (big/small) and grip type (power grip/precision grip). The results in both experiments indicate that the two design styles are not different at the perceptuomotor level. This demonstrates that an affordance is similarly evoked in digital objects designed with either skeuomorphism or flat design. Further, we discuss the reason for the inconsistent findings in previous research, concluding that results have been influenced by unfamiliar forms and inappropriate real-world metaphors. Based on the conclusions, we suggest three design principles that designers can use to avoid confusion related to the design styles. In our discussion, we determine that the design styles are muddled with dimensionality and metaphor, which increases the inconsistent research findings in the literature. Finally, we suggest that the dichotomy between skeuomorphism and flat design is discarded.

Analysis of Outlink-based Press Websites for User Experience Improvement

Journal of Cybercommunication Academic Society, 2019

Effects of Interactivity and Usage Mode on User Experience in Chatbot Interface

Journal of the HCI Society of Korea, 2019

Examining user perceptions of smartwatch through dynamic topic modeling

Telematics and Informatics, 2017

Since the 2010s, various companies have begun to manufacture wearable smartwatch devices, but the... more Since the 2010s, various companies have begun to manufacture wearable smartwatch devices, but the current sales of these products are not impressive. This study investigates how the limitations of the smartwatch are related to perceptual discomforts. Theoretically, this study evaluates the claim that the discomfort that users appear to have with the smartwatch stem from failed remediation. Users perceive the smartwatch more as a set of functional sensors rather than a watch or smartphone. Specifically, from the remediation perspective, the authors asked how users perceive the functions of the smartwatch. This study used dynamic topic modeling for topics on the smartwatch on Reddit. This study reports that the smartwatch has failed to provide a proper way to use the remediated content that it provides. Suggestions for future studies are addressed.

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Touch Digitality: Affordance Effects of Visual Properties on Gesture Selection

Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2020

Does an affordance exist on the touchscreen? This paper examines an affordance effect eliciting u... more Does an affordance exist on the touchscreen? This paper examines an affordance effect eliciting users' touch gestures. Previous gesture studies under a user-centered approach have neglected the effects of visual characteristics of interface objects. To validate the effects, we collect users' multiple gesture responses through a gesture elicitation experiment for nine functions on thirteen stimuli systemically manipulated by visual properties. In the analyses, we investigate on 1) user agreements for the function-gesture mappings, and 2) differences in gesture selection in terms of the visual pattern. In the results, users respond differently in gesture selection in terms of the visual pattern-layout and number of images. This result indicates that designers should consider the visual properties of on-screen objects beyond user-elicited gestures. This study contributes toward a method for designing intuitive gestures on the touchscreen.

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