Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Dec 31, 2023
Plant secondary metabolites refer to various chemical compounds that plants produce. Still, they ... more Plant secondary metabolites refer to various chemical compounds that plants produce. Still, they are not directly involved in essential growth processes like primary metabolites (such as sugars, amino acids, and lipids). The term "secondary metabolite" has generated controversy, as it implies these compounds are of minor importance to plants. "Special metabolites" may be a more suitable term. The plants are protected from both abiotic and biotic stress by these metabolites. The vast diversity of plant secondary metabolites showcases plants' incredible adaptability and versatility, providing an arsenal of chemical tools to defend against herbivores, protect from pathogens, attract pollinators and seed dispersers, adaptability and thrive and environmental interactions. Plants can therefore survive under less-than-ideal conditions. The profound impact of plant secondary metabolites highlights the intricate relationship between plants and humanity, opening doors to innovative applications with far-reaching implications.
Vigna trilobata (L.) VERDC. belongs to family Papilionaceae found throughout the tropical and war... more Vigna trilobata (L.) VERDC. belongs to family Papilionaceae found throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. In folk medicine, it is used in arthritis, fever, cough, dysentery and urinogenital disorders. Different secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids have been reported in Vigna trilobata. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activities have been shown by Vigna trilobata.
Chemical Pharmacognosy" explores natural drug discovery, traversing from traditional remedies to ... more Chemical Pharmacognosy" explores natural drug discovery, traversing from traditional remedies to modern therapeutics. This interdisciplinary approach aids biodiversity exploration, supports conservation, and validates Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The significance extends to drug formulation, quality control, and combating drug resistance. Symbolizing a holistic journey, it bridges traditional wisdom with scientific innovation, playing a pivotal role in harnessing nature's chemical diversity for human health and guiding drug development.
The genus Caesalpinia belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae and includes 280 species, distributed in ... more The genus Caesalpinia belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae and includes 280 species, distributed in tropic and sub-tropic regions of the world. Historically, species of the genus Caesalpinia have been used to treat a wide range of ailments such as malaria, ascariasis, dysentery, fever, rheumatism and influenza. Phytochemical works led to the isolation of triterpenoids, diterpenes, flavonoids, steroids and phenolic compounds. Pharmacological studies have shown that the extracts and compounds isolated from this genus exhibited anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-pyretic, anti-microbial, anti-rheumatic, antiulcer and anti-diabetic activities. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overveiw of the ethnopharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Caesalpinia.
Internet of Things (IoT) as refers to a network of devices that have the ability to connect, coll... more Internet of Things (IoT) as refers to a network of devices that have the ability to connect, collect and exchange data with other devices over the Internet. IoT is a revolutionary technology that have tremendous applications in numerous fields of engineering and sciences such as logistics, healthcare, traffic, oil and gas industries and agriculture. In agriculture field, the farmer still used conventional agriculture methods resulting in low crop and fruit yields. The integration of IoT in conventional agriculture methods has led to significant developments in agriculture field. Different sensors and IoT devices are providing services to automate agriculture precision and to monitor crop conditions. These IoT devices are deployed in agriculture environment to increase yields production by making smart farming decisions and to collect data regarding crops temperature, humidity and irrigation systems. However, the integration of IoT and smart communication technologies in agriculture ...
Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek commonly known as Mung bean is one of the most important pulse crop... more Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek commonly known as Mung bean is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from tropical to subtropical areas around the world. Mung bean is reported to help in preventing the loss of nails and hairs, and also reduces the risk of hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease and decreases the absorption of toxic substances. Flavonoids and phenols are reported from this plant. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and hypocholestrolemic activities are also shown by Vigna radiata.
Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences, 2021
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn commonly known as red kidney bean, it is enriched in protein, carbohydrat... more Phaseolus vulgaris Linn commonly known as red kidney bean, it is enriched in protein, carbohydrates and dietary fibres. Beans have nutritional and health benefits and also possess antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and anticancer activity due to presence of bio-active chemical constituents. The following study was carried out to evaluate the anti-depressant activity of Phaseolus vulgaris fixed oil (PVFO) using forced swim test and tail suspension test in mice. In this study animals assigned into four groups (n=7). Group I: Control normal saline (2 mL/Kg), Group II: PVFO I (2 mL/Kg), Group III: PVFO II (4 mL/Kg) and Group IV: standard amitriptyline (10 mg/Kg). The results were significant and indicated the possible anti-depressant role of Phaseolus vulgaris fixed oil.
Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (Papilionaceae) is commonly known as Horse gram and Kulthi. T... more Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (Papilionaceae) is commonly known as Horse gram and Kulthi. The seeds are reported as anthelmintic, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue. It is also useful in asthma, bronchitis and urolithiasis. In the present study, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects of the methanol extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds were evaluated in doses of 200 and 400mg/kg. Significant results were obtained in all activities.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) production is severely affected by the tomato leaf curl virus (T... more Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) production is severely affected by the tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) and its vector populations under favourable environmental conditions. This disease and its vector Bemisia tabaci are effectively controlled by the plant extracts and many chemicals. Therefore, current study was designed in the Research Area of Plant Pathology Research Institute, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) during crop seasons 2018-2019. The data for disease incidence were recorded based on disease rating scale proposed by Khalid (2013) and subjected to analysis of variance at a 5% level of significance. Correlation and regression analysis were performed, to determine the relationship between environmental factors and disease incidence. Only two varieties i.e. Naqeeb and Morgal indicated a resistant response against disease development. All epidemiological variables showed a positive association with the disease incidence and Bemisia tabaci populations except relative humidity. Maximum disease incidence and whitefly population were observed at the highest temperature (34-41ºC), the lowest temperature (22-24ºC), rainfall (1.4-4.5 mm) and wind speed (3.1-5.8 km/h) whereas, this populations decreased by increasing relative humidity from 15-25%. Among chemicals and plant extracts, acetamiprid and neem proved to be the most effective for the management of disease incidence and whitefly populations, respectively.
This review shares historical glimpses behind the art and science of urinary crystal growth in ge... more This review shares historical glimpses behind the art and science of urinary crystal growth in gel. This successful journey of long and painstaking research consists of both theoretical and experimental knowledge. The survey consists of historical aspects of crystal growth, development of urinary crystal growth in gel as an in vitro urolithiasis model and the application of this model to evaluate prophylactic management against kidney stones.
Whewellite crystals are most commonly found in kidneys, ureter and urinary bladder causing urolit... more Whewellite crystals are most commonly found in kidneys, ureter and urinary bladder causing urolithiasis. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to observe the possible growth patterns and morphology of whewellite crystals. The study was carried out in U- shaped test tubes. Bow shape, donuts and their aggregates, dumbbell, platy, prismatic, rosette, styloid, X-shape and tetragonal bipyramidal crystals were observed. Energy Dispersive X-ray, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopies and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to characterize the crystals. This study will be helpful to determine the promotion, modulation and inhibition of the crystals evaluate risk factors and prophylactic management of urinary stones.
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal. (Papilionaceae) is a medicinally important plant and is used... more Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal. (Papilionaceae) is a medicinally important plant and is used for the treatment of different diseases specially in dermatological disorders. Alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and phytic acid have been reported from this plant. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic activities are also shown by Vigna aconitifolia. The present review is an attempt to compile all the previous data on the basis of its medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology reported in the previous articles.
The purpose of presenting review was to share the medicinal and surgical contribution of Greco-Ar... more The purpose of presenting review was to share the medicinal and surgical contribution of Greco-Arabic Muslim scientists in diagnosis, surgery and natural medicines for the management and treatment of urolithiasis. The contribution of Al-Antaki, Al-Baghdadi, Al-Baitar, Al-Bokhari, Al-Razi, Al-Zahrawi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Zuhr was highlighted. The data compilation was preliminary and much more efforts are still needed to restore the missing continuity in the history of medicine.
Background:Phaseolus vulgaris commonly known as kidney bean has been studied previously for pharm... more Background:Phaseolus vulgaris commonly known as kidney bean has been studied previously for pharmacological activities like antidiabetic, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial properties. Various extracts of the seeds have been researched except fixed oils. Objective: Therefore objective of the present study is to investigate the behavioural activity of fixed oil extracted from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds. Methodology: Hole board, light and dark , stationary rod and open field tests were used for behavioral evaluation. Four groups were made with seven mice in each : (1) Control = Normal saline 2ml/kg (2) Phaseolus vulgaris fixed oil = PVFO 2ml/kg (3) PVFO 4ml/kg (4) Diazepam (1mg/kg) as standard. All treatments were given orally, 30 minutes prior to the performance of tests. In hole board test PVFO 4ml/kg decreased the number of head poking (p≤0.01). Results:In light and dark test PVFO in both doses decreased the time spent in light compartment (p≤0....
Present study evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of fractions of Ficus glome... more Present study evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of fractions of Ficus glomerata using various well established experimental models. Analgesic activity of F. glomerata was screened using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and tail flick test in rats. Anti-inflammatory activity was done by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet-granuloma formation in rats. Ibuprofen and hydrocortisone were the reference standards employed in the study. Five fractions of F. glomerata (FGI, FGII, FGIII, FGIV and FGV) at the dose level of 20 and 40mg/kg, p.o were used. The fractions FGI (40mg/kg, p.o.) and FGIII (40mg/kg, p.o) were found to be effective inhibitors of carrageenan induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma formation and acetic acid induced writhing. The fractions FGI (20mg/kg, p.o.) and FGIII (20mg/kg, p.o.) were found to be more effective in increasing latency period in tail flick method. In conclusion, from the five different Fractions of F. glome...
NIRS is an advance, fast, reliable and non-destructive technique extensively used in chemical, fo... more NIRS is an advance, fast, reliable and non-destructive technique extensively used in chemical, food, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries for rapid and reliable standardization. NIRS of Cicer arietinum L. Desi and Kabuli variety seed flours was performed for qualitative evaluation of secondary metabolites. The major suggested compounds in Cicer arietinum Desi and Kabuli variety were found as adenine, biochanin-A, biochanin-B, biochannin A 7-Oβ -D-glucoside, calycosin, cerebroside, choline, ciceritol, citric acid, diadzein, fructose, garbanzol, genistein, glucose, inositol, isoliquiritigen, liquiritigenin, methyl tetracosanoate, ononin, pyrimidine, saccharose, sissotrin, stigmasterol, trifolirhizin. βamyrin and β-sitosterol. The presence of these compounds justifies the use of Cicer arietinum as nutritional food and tonic.
Animals like plants are also medicinal agents for the prevention and cure of different health pro... more Animals like plants are also medicinal agents for the prevention and cure of different health problems all over the world practically in about all human cultures. The concept of zootherapy is very old and has strong evidence of the medicinal use of animal resources. Different animals their body parts and preparations are used in folk medicines. Zootherapy reveals that medical practitioners have always considered animals as a source of surprising and numerous therapeutic effects. A high diversity of animals, their parts and derivative products are used and this is a heritage that could constitute a fundamental step for the discovery and isolation of natural extracts and new and low-cost alternative drugs from animals. About 12% of people in the world are affected by different types of urolithiasis and the recurrence rate in female is 47-60% and in male is 70-80%. According to WHO 75% population rely on traditional medicines for the prevention and cure of different diseases. Hence there is a need to concentrate on all folk natural products effective in urolithiasis for their pharmacological evaluation, isolation of single drug molecule responsible for anti-urolithiatic activity to developed suitable formulations used against urolithiasis.
Medicinal plants have been known for thousands of years and are highly esteemed throughout the wo... more Medicinal plants have been known for thousands of years and are highly esteemed throughout the world as a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention and cure of diseases. Nowadays, large number of population suffers from gall stone. Gall stones problem is now being increased significantly due to changes in living style and conditions i.e. industrialization and malnutrition. Medicinal plants are used from centuries due to its, cultural acceptability, efficacy, safety and lesser side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The aim of the review is to gather the information of the plants utilized in various parts and societies of the world against gallstones. The information not only useful for common people but also for the scientific community to carry out further phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies for the discovery of new, effective and safer molecules against gallstones.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are envisaged to play key roles in 5G netw... more Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are envisaged to play key roles in 5G networks. Efficient radio resource management is of paramount importance for network operators. With the advent of newer technologies, infrastructure, and plans, spending significant radio resources on estimating channel conditions in mobile networks poses a challenge. Automating the process of predicting channel conditions can efficiently utilize resources. To this point, we propose an ML-based technique, i.e., an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for predicting SINR (Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise-Ratio) in order to mitigate the radio resource usage in mobile networks. Radio resource scheduling is generally achieved on the basis of estimated channel conditions, i.e., SINR with the help of Sounding Reference Signals (SRS). The proposed Non-Linear Auto Regressive External/Exogenous (NARX)-based ANN aims to minimize the rate of sending SRS and achieves an accuracy of R = 0.87. This can lead t...
Extension of the main grid to remote areas is economically not feasible. To electrify remote area... more Extension of the main grid to remote areas is economically not feasible. To electrify remote areas, one of the best choices is to install Renewable Energy Sources (RES) as a distributed generation (DG) and thus form a microgrid (MG) in islanded (Stand-alone) mode. In islanded mode, the MG has no support from the national grid. Thus, the overloading of islanded DC MG can collapse DC bus voltage and cause fluctuation in the load. Therefore, the power sharing and the interconnection among the microgrid (MG) cluster are necessary for reliable operation. Many methods for power sharing also aim at minimizing circulating currents which cannot be avoided when every MG feeds their load locally. Therefore, the proper power balancing among generation, loads, and in between MG cluster is challenging in islanded topology. This paper presents an intelligent controller for power sharing among PV-based MG clusters with load management of connected load during power deficiency. The priority is given...
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Papers by Salman Ahmed