To address these challenges, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) partnered with BSES ... more To address these challenges, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) partnered with BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. (BRPL) to analyze the impact that EVs could have on its service territory and to understand the benefits that could be had from installing battery energy storage systems (BESS). NREL and BRPL developed an advanced power distribution system impact analysis framework of BRPL's distribution system to evaluate distributed photo voltaic (PV), BESS, and EVs. BESS are evaluated for their effectiveness on the grid to mitigate present and future feeder overloading scenarios and are analyzed for their costs compared to the costs of traditional upgradation measures. Scenarios include assessing the effects of EV density on grid infrastructure upgrades and interlinking EV management with BESS integration. The report "Preparing Distribution Utilities for Utility-Scale Storage and Electric Vehicles: A Novel Analytical Framework" provides both key insights for BRPL and a framework that will be useful to many of India's distribution utilities. The solution framework is built entirely on open-source platforms and programming languages, and therefore it could be replicated by other utilities and built upon as new questions arise in the planning of India's distribution grid. Ultimately, the outcomes from this report and the potential outcomes from the future use of this framework by utilities will provide policymakers and regulators with data-driven guidance on the impacts of their decisions. I would like to thank our bilateral partner, the MOP, for playing a key role in the effort to modernize India's electric grid and provide an enabling environment for renewable energy integration. I would also like to thank Mr. Amal Sinha, CEO and Abhishek Ranjan, AVP, System Operation, BRPL, for his leadership and support in bringing together NREL and BRPL engineers to produce a sound framework that could act as a template for distribution grid analysis in India. I would also like to congratulate team at NREL and BRPL for their excellent work in producing this framework and report. I hope that the findings of the report will be useful for a broad set of stakeholders across India. USAID's Greening the Grid (GTG) is a 5-year program implemented in partnership with India's Ministry of Power (MOP) under the USAID's ASIA EDGE (Enhancing Development and Growth through Energy) Initiative. The program aims to support the Government of India's (GOI) efforts to manage the large-scale integration of RE into the grid. This study was supported by the USAID/India, as part of the its Greening the Grid program. The study was undertaken in close collaboration with BSES Reliance Private Limited (BRPL), and the authors thank the Hon. CEO of BRPL Mr. Amal Sinha, and his team-including Abhishek Ranjan, Naveen Nagpal, and Sugandhita Wadhera-for their timely support and help regarding the data sets used in this report. The authors also thank USAID's GTG-RISE (implemented by Deloitte) team for their feedback and coordination. We also thank The Energy and Resources Institute for their support in reviewing and help making this report better. We are finally thankful to Ministry of Power for their support and review.
Recently, there is rapid integration of power electronic converter (PECs) into the power grid. Mo... more Recently, there is rapid integration of power electronic converter (PECs) into the power grid. Most of these PECs are grid-following inverters, where weak grid operation becomes an issue. Research is now shifting focus to grid-forming (GFM) inverters, resembling synchronous generators. The shift towards converter-based generation necessitates accurate PEC models for assessing system dynamics that were previously ignored in conventional power systems. Data-driven modeling (DDM) techniques are becoming valuable tools for capturing the dynamic behavior of advanced control strategies for PECs. This paper proposes using power hardware-in-the-loop experiments to capture dynamic GFM data in the application of DDM techniques. Furthermore, the paper derives an analytical approach to obtaining a mathematical model of GFM inverter dynamics and compares it with the DDM. A square-chirp probing signal was employed to perturb the active and reactive power of the load inside an Opal-RT model. The dynamic response of the GFM inverter, including changes in frequency and voltage, was recorded. This data was then used in a system identification algorithm to derive the GFM DDMs. The effectiveness of DDM is cross-validated with an analytical approach through experimental simulation studies, and the goodness-of-fit for both approaches is compared. Both approaches show more than 85% accuracy in capturing the dynamic response of GFM inverters under different loading conditions. INDEX TERMS Data-driven modeling, grid-forming inverter, power hardware-in-the-loop, power system dynamics, real-time digital simulator, system identification.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2016
At Central Michigan University we are developing a high-precision Penning trap mass spectrometer ... more At Central Michigan University we are developing a high-precision Penning trap mass spectrometer (CHIP-TRAP) that will focus on measurements with long-lived radioactive isotopes. CHIP-TRAP will consist of a pair of hyperbolic precision-measurement Penning traps, and a cylindrical capture/filter trap in a 12 T magnetic field. Ions will be produced by external ion sources, including a laser ablation source, and transported to the capture trap at low energies enabling ions of a given m/q ratio to be selected via their time-of-flight. In the capture trap, contaminant ions will be removed with a mass-selective rf dipole excitation and the ion of interest will be transported to the measurement traps. A phasesensitive image charge detection technique will be used for simultaneous cyclotron frequency measurements on single ions in the two precision traps, resulting in a reduction in statistical uncertainty due to magnetic field fluctuations.
This article contains data and summary statistics of solar irradiance and dry bulb temperature ac... more This article contains data and summary statistics of solar irradiance and dry bulb temperature across the Hawaiian archipelago resolved on a monthly basis and spanning years 1998-2015. This data was derived in association with an article titled "Consequences of Neglecting the Interannual Variability of the Solar Resource: A Case Study of Photovoltaic Power Among the Hawaiian Islands" (Bryce et al., 2018 [7]). The solar irradiance data is presented in terms of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI), and Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and was obtained from the satellite-derived data contained in the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). The temperature data is also obtained from this source. We have processed the NSRDB data and compiled these monthly resolved data sets, along with interannual summary statistics including the interannual coefficient of variability.
The Government of India has set a target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by the... more The Government of India has set a target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by the year 2022, which includes 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from bio-power, and 5 GW from small hydropower. Out of 100 GW solar, 40 GW is targeted from rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV). These renewable targets can lead to a new paradigm for power grid planning and operations. Historically, power distribution utilities were designed to serve low voltage loads within their territories, and for decades their planning works were based on the premise that customers only consume power. During this time, distribution utilities learned customer consumption patterns, identified peak, off-peak, and shoulder hours and crafted proficient planning and operational strategies to match them. Over the past decade, solar PV and wind energy adoption has increased at all scales (transmission and distribution), as illustrated in Figure ES-1. Also, recent and anticipated adoption of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and electric vehicles (EVs) are changing the landscape of supply and demand. Some of these emerging technologies are variable in nature and others are not fully understood, thus posing a need for distribution utilities to update the way that they plan and operate their systems. Opportunities and challenges posed by these technologies (solar PV, BESS and EVs) on the power distribution grid are yet to be comprehended, holistically. Typically, wind farms are planned and built at large scale (100 MW to GW) and interconnected to transmission systems. Solar PV, on the other hand, can either be connected to transmission systems at the GW scale or at rooftops at the kW scale. Thus, challenges and opportunities vary significantly depending on the size and point of interconnection (transmission or distribution system). Figure ES-1. Variable renewable resources integrated on the power grid at transmission and distribution levels are posing challenges for distribution utilities The research collaboration between the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), NREL and BSES Yamuna Power Ltd. (BYPL) focuses on the challenges caused by renewable integration into the www.nrel.gov/usaid-partnership vii power grid at large. Because the challenges and opportunities vary depending on the point of interconnection (distribution or transmission), we identified two tracks for research as listed below: 1. Power procurement: This research track examines the challenges and opportunities caused by GW-scale renewable integration at the transmission level. Specifically, this track investigates the contribution that utility-scale renewable energy procurement provides to distribution utilities, both from energy and capacity perspectives. In this track of research, utility customers are only considered as traditional (one-directional) consumers of energy. 2. Distributed energy resources (DERs): This research track focuses on the challenges and opportunities caused by many small-scale distributed renewable resource integrations at the distribution systems. At the power-distribution level, distribution utilities may face not only new solar energy technologies, but also battery energy storage and electric vehicles (EVs). Combined, these three technologies (solar PV, battery energy storage, and EVs) pose unique challenges to distribution utilities. This track focuses on assessing the net-load evolution that distribution utilities will observe as these emerging technologies make their way to the grid. www.nrel.gov/usaid-partnership viii This track considers renewable integration at bulk grids and assesses their value addition. In order for distribution utilities such as BYPL to make informed decisions when signing power purchase agreements (PPAs), it is crucial for them to understand how much energy and capacity their contracted renewable energy generators can provide. We address the situation faced by utilities by modeling variable renewable energy (VRE) plants from two perspectives: (1) energy production, and (2) capacity credit. Capacity credit describes the percentage of a plant's nameplate capacity that can be reliably counted on to serve load. The capacity credit perspective is illustrated in Figure ES-2, which shows that effective planning includes the possible contributions of VRE. Use of capacity credit unlocks a unique path for understanding the planning reserves provided by solar PV and wind resources. To demonstrate the value from this research, NREL utilized existing knowledge of load, VRE contracts, and planning reserves. The framework we describe in this paper can be used by any distribution utility to assess the potential of contracted variable renewable resources to provide accurate planning reserves. Key Outcomes Renewable energy will play a pivotal role in the future of Indian distribution utilities like BYPL. BYPL has recently contracted around 250 MW of wind and 300 MW of solar PV plants across the country, some of which have recently been commissioned. However, due to the variable and uncontrollable nature of these weather-based generation, adding such resources to a utility's portfolio is more complicated than adding traditional fuel-based resources. To set up an efficient power purchase agreement with an RE generator, for instance, a utility needs to understand the potential of the plant to both produce energy and provide capacity when it is most needed. 1. Capacity factor for all additional utility-scale renewable energy is estimated to be 27% in summer (March to October) and 15% in winter (November to January). In 2019, BYPL served 7,314 MWh of load. Had all the additional 250 MW wind, and 300 MW solar plants been commissioned in 2019, BYPL's system would have experienced 15.2% annual renewable penetration by generation, and 16.0% and 15.2% renewable penetration in summer and winter, respectively. 2. Wind energy, especially when imported from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, can contribute significantly to BYPL's planning reserve. Solar PV supplies minimal benefit to the planning reserve. The wind plants modeled in this study have a capacity credit of 53%. This means that 53% of the planned installed wind capacity can be relied upon during periods of high system risk. The Coimbatore plant has a capacity credit of 64%, and aggregate VRE has a capacity credit of 29%. These values are quite high compared to other service regions. For instance, the Southwest Power Pool, which contains some of North America's strongest and most consistent wind resources, measured its wind capacity credit at 24.3%. But previous studies show that the www.nrel.gov/usaid-partnership ix capacity credit of wind and solar PV often reduces dramatically as these resources make up a larger percentage of the generation mix (Haley 2019). 3. Wind turbine model and hub height have a significant impact on estimated output and capacity credit. Understanding the physical attributes of the contracted wind is critical for efficient system-wide planning. For example, modeling the wind turbines with a 110-meter rotor diameter mounted at a 110-meter hub height resulted in an annual energy production 72% higher than that measured with turbines with an 80-meter rotor diameter mounted at 80 meters. Furthermore, performing the capacity credit analysis with a 110-meter rotor diameter mounted at 110 meters resulted in a 68% capacity credit, whereas analyzing 80-meter rotor diameter turbines mounted at 80 meters produced an approximate capacity credit of 45%. This equates to a 57-MW change in firm capacity needed to fill the gap in the capacity planning reserve margin for BYPL. As this difference is greater than the nameplate capacity of one of the wind plants, identifying these parameters is necessary for producing precise results in future analyses.
2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM)
Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents... more Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov.
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Papers by Richard Bryce