Papers by Prof Dr Syed Atif Abbas (FOP)
Effect of different digestion techniques on elements recoveries for spectroscopic analysis in natural medicinal remedies
Natural products have great importance in various medical applications worldwide. Safety and effi... more Natural products have great importance in various medical applications worldwide. Safety and efficacy issues are vital for insuring public health and long-term success of such products. The existence of potentially toxic metals such as arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in some natural medicinal products are often reported. Thus, accurate determination of such metals is required. In general spectroscopic elemental analysis imposed sample preparation/digestion prior to detection. This preliminary step has a considerable impact on the quality of the analytical result especially for complex matrices like plants and herbs. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of close vessel/ microwave digestion system and various digestion regents on metals recoveries by comparing different sample preparation procedures to recommend the most reliable method. Three different digestion methods were evaluated for determining As, Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations in herbal matrices....
In vivo study of the pharmacokinetic effect of amlodipine and gliclazide
It was found that there is kind of pharmacodynamic interaction between calcium channels blockers ... more It was found that there is kind of pharmacodynamic interaction between calcium channels blockers and sulfonylurea. The addition of amlodipine (AMLO) to gliclazide (GLZ) course caused significant decrease in glucose lowering effect of GLZ. The mechanism of AMLO-GLZ interaction is not well understood. There is a possibility that this interaction can be a result of pharmacokinetic interaction of both drugs; therefore, this study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between AMLO and GLZ in animal model. The pharmacokinetic interaction was evaluated using Sprauge Dawly rates as they were divided into three groups. The controle group received saline and the gliclazide groupe received gliclazide orally in the dose of 1.44 mg/kg, while the Amlo-Gliclazide groupe has received amlodipine and gliclazide orally with a dose of 0.09 mg/kg and 1.44 mg/kg respectively. After dosing, animals were anesthetized and the blood was collected using retro orbital blood collection met...
Evaluation of graphite furnace and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry for trace analysis of arsenic in natural herbal medicine
Introduction: Arsenic is a hazardous element that occurs in trace amounts in various environmenta... more Introduction: Arsenic is a hazardous element that occurs in trace amounts in various environmental samples including natural products. The growing demand of such products for medical purposes imposes their safety and efficacy. Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) is generally applied for trace analysis of arsenic in various matrices. However, such technique is tedious and involves hazardous materials. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) has been used for metals measurements at trace concentration levels after reducing the interference problems by improving the background correction systems. This study aims to evaluate the adequacy of GFAAS as an alternative method to HGAAS for arsenic determination in natural herbal medicinal products by comparing the level accuracy and precision between the two methods. Method: The comparison was performed using three different real herbal medicine samples namely A, B and C spiked with known concentration of...
Influence of inorganic stabilizers on releasing volatile (As and Hg) metal ions from complex matrices of natural medicinal products in spectroscopic elemental analysis
Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) are hazardous elements that occurs at trace amounts in various samp... more Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) are hazardous elements that occurs at trace amounts in various samples including natural medicinal products (NMPs). The consumption of the contaminated products leads to adverse health consequences. Regular monitoring of such contaminants in NMPs is essential. Atomic absorption spectroscopy has been widely used for determination of As and Hg at trace levels in various matrices. Spectroscopic analysis imposed sample digestion prior to instrumental analysis. This preliminary step has considerable impact on the quality of the analytical result especially for complex matrices like plants and herbs. Wet/acid digestion methods with suitable heating system are regularly used for this purpose. Microwave heating program is widely applied for digestion process of various matrices for the benefits of shorting the digesting time and minimizing the sample contamination. However, volatile analytes like As and Hg are susceptible to volatilization during the heating pr...
Development and validation of LC-MSMS method for the analysis of amlodipine and perindopril in tablet dosage form
Introduction: Amlodipine (AMLO) and Perindopril (PER) have been combined in one tablet dosage for... more Introduction: Amlodipine (AMLO) and Perindopril (PER) have been combined in one tablet dosage form which has been proven to be an effective and well tolerated antihypertensive. Many analytical methods were applied for the analysis of AMLO and PER in this combination but most of the methods are time and money consuming. A new sensitive, rapid, and specific LC- MS/MS analytical methods for the analysis of AMLO and PER was developed and validated. Chromatographic conditions for the best results were optimized using design of experiment method. 4 TH PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE 2018 Challenging The Inquisitive Minds: Frontier Of The Future 24 – 26 August 2018 | Cyberjaya, Malaysia Method: The instrument used was Waters Aquity UPLC, and the column was Acquity BEH C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm). The mobile phase consisted of solvent A which was 0.1% formic acid in water and solvent B which was ACN. The injected volume was 10 µl with a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. samples were eluted follo...
Polymers, 2021
The aim was to formulate and evaluate Gel/PVA hydrogels as a pH-sensitive matrix to deliver metho... more The aim was to formulate and evaluate Gel/PVA hydrogels as a pH-sensitive matrix to deliver methotrexate (MTX) to colon. The primed Gel/PVA hydrogels were subjected to evaluation for swelling behavior, diffusion coefficient, sol-gel characteristic and porosity using an acidic (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (PBS) (pH 6.8 & pH 7.4) media. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to evaluate the chemical compatibility of the Gel/PVA hydrogel. The shape alteration and release of Gel/PVA hydrogel was conducted at pH 1.2, pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. The drug release kinetic mechanism was determined using various kinetic equations. The physicochemical evaluation tests and drug release profile results were found to be significant (p < 0.01). However, it was dependent on the polymers’ concentration, the pH of the release media and the amount of the cross-linking agent. Hydrogels containing the maximum amount of gel showed a dynamic equilib...
Cureus, 2020
Background Without stipulated legislation, a free pricing policy can lead to a disparity in price... more Background Without stipulated legislation, a free pricing policy can lead to a disparity in prices among private healthcare setups. Competition is especially rampant among community pharmacies, especially in the Sabah state of Malaysia, where the recent years have witnessed the steady growth of pharmacy players from Peninsular Malaysia. Thus, this study aimed to examine the impact of price competition and discount pricing on the practice of community pharmacy in Sabah, Malaysia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire. Survey participants included community pharmacists practicing in Sabah. The validated and pilot-tested questionnaire consisted of three parts: background information of the pharmacy, attitudes and perception toward medicine prices, and practice of discount pricing. All required data were collected from community pharmacists practicing only in Sabah. Data were then analyzed by using descriptive, Chi-Square, and Kendall's tau-b tests. Results Of the 150 community pharmacists contacted, only 70 responded, providing a response rate of 47%. In terms of pharmacy type, 71% of the respondents were pharmacist-owned independent pharmacies, while 19% were pharmacy chains owned by community pharmacists. The remaining were pharmacies owned by non-pharmacists (10%). Sixty percent of the community pharmacies had been in existence for more than 10 years, with 12% in existence for less than two years, and 28% in existence for three to 10 years. More than 80% of the respondents stated that the business aspect of community pharmacy had overwhelmed the professional practice aspects and that community pharmacists have become providers of products instead of providers of care. In terms of professionalism, 87% also noted that they are being perceived as profiteering in the medicine business at the expense of patients.
The purpose of current research work was to formulate and typify gelatin and poly(vinyl) alcohol ... more The purpose of current research work was to formulate and typify gelatin and poly(vinyl) alcohol (Gel/PVA) hydrogel which would be highly pH-responsive and can able to accomplish targeted delivery of methotrexate in order to treat the colo-rectal pathologies. The primed gel/pva hydrogel discs were subjected to various physicochemical techniques i.e. swelling, diffusion co-efficient, sol-gel analysis and porosity using three altered sorts of pH (1.2, 6.8 & 7.4) phosphate buffer solutions for assessment/evaluation, and their characterization was done through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Shape alteration and controlled methotrexate of release of Gel/PVA hydrogel have been done using three type of pH (1.2, 6.8 & 7.4) phosphate buffer mediums. Methotrexate was loaded through in-situ drug loading method due to hydrophobicity. Different kinetic models (first order & zero order kinetic), Higuchi model and Krosmere peppas model/Power ...
Journal of Applied Pharmacy, 2013
Traditional medicine (TM) has been used since ages, during the past few decades there was a notab... more Traditional medicine (TM) has been used since ages, during the past few decades there was a notable global increase in TM usage. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) around 70% of world population relies on traditional healing system for their basic health care needs. The broad use of TM has highlighted many issues subjected to the efficacy and safety of such products. Some TM products contain toxic materials such as heavy metals. Exposure to heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) can cause adverse health effects and toxicity. This article explains, several possibilities for the presence of heavy metals in TM, the toxicity of some heavy metals and a number of reported clinical cases regarding to heavy metals toxicity due to the consumption of TM products from different parts of the world.
Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2019
Pharmacy is a dynamic healthcare profession that allow role expansion into patient-care, manufact... more Pharmacy is a dynamic healthcare profession that allow role expansion into patient-care, manufacturing, management as well as entrepreneurship. The private sector provides a lucrative and promising platform for budding young pharmacists to build their career in healthcare. Apart from training opportunity and room for salary increment, the career pathway for a pharmacist in private practice is also diverse and bright. Fresh pharmacy graduates should explore this established career pathways. First, the growing number of private hospitals and role expansion of the pharmacist directly increases the demand of pharmacists in these private hospitals. Second, pharmacists are also a core team member in the pharmaceutical industry including the manufacturing sector not just because of the law requirement but also their expertise in formulation, production quality control, drug analysis, product registration and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). Third, the community pharmacy also provides a high potential platform to expand a young pharmacist's entrepreneurial skills, along with the role as a clinician and primary healthcare provider. Across Ministry of Health facilities as well as private healthcare, the pharmacist's roles are transitioning from product-focus to direct patient care. The shift to patient medicine management has long been successfully implemented in developed countries, including Singapore and Australia, both at public and private facilities. The private sector, arising from the holistic and multiplicity nature of practice, is certainly as rewarding and job-satisfaction fulfilling as the public sector because the pharmacists interact in their multifaceted role as dispenser, clinician, retailer, entrepreneur and primary health advisor.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, 2019
The main objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of crude extract of the leaves... more The main objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of crude extract of the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (Banaba). In vitro MCF-7 cell line and in vivo brine shrimp lethality bioassay methods were followed to investigate the cytotoxicity of the selected sample. In this study, the qualitative phytochemical assessment demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, glycosides, saponins, terpenes, steroids, phenols and flavonoids in Banaba extract. Moreover, the present findings revealed the non-cytotoxic nature of L. speciosa leaves extract on both MTT-assay and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 45-49, 2019
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016
Purpose: To evaluate the comparative efficiency of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometr... more Purpose: To evaluate the comparative efficiency of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) for trace analysis of arsenic (As) in natural herbal products (NHPs). Method: Arsenic analysis in natural herbal products and standard reference material was conducted using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), namely, hydride generation AAS (HGAAS) and graphite furnace (GFAAS). The samples were digested with HNO3-H2O2 in a ratio of 4:1 using microwaveassisted acid digestion. The methods were validated with the aid of the standard reference material 1515 Apple Leaves (SRM) from NIST Results:
Determination of arsenic (As) content in the locally available traditional medicine by Hydride Generation AAS
Optimization of acid digestion methods for the determination of heavy metals in traditional medicine samples by atomic absorption spectrometry
Traditional/medicine (TM) has a significant contribution to the global health care system. During... more Traditional/medicine (TM) has a significant contribution to the global health care system. During the past few decades the use of TM has progressively increased worldwide. Therefore, safety and quality of such products become a major concern. Some herbal medicines may contain toxic substances such as heavy metals. Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) are among the toxic heavy metals which may be present in some herbal products. Exposure to these metals can cause many adverse health effects, including cancer. Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are essential metals to the human body at trace concentrations yet, they are toxic if present in higher concentration. Heavy metals content in TM products must accurately determine. Sample preparation is a critical step in spectroscopic analysis to achieve reliable and accurate results. Wet digestion methods are basically used for the dissolution of herbal products samples prior to elemental analysis. Therefore, this study has been designed to evaluate the efficiency of three acid digestion methods using different solvents individual and combination of classically used acids for wet digestion procedure to identify the optimal sample preparation method which was evaluated based on the highest analyte recovery. Five TM samples of herbal origin were selected to be digested with three different acid digestion methods namely A, B and C which represented a combination of nitric-perchloric acids HNO3 – HClO4, nitric acid HNO3 and a mixture of hydrochloric – nitric acids HNO3 – HCl respectively. The analysis of heavy metals was conducted using various techniques of atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Hydride generation (HGAAS) for As, graphite furnace (GFAAS) for Cd, Pb and Ni while flame (FAAS) was used for the analysis of Zn and Fe. The statistical analysis revealed that Method -C was the most efficient as it had given a significant high recovery (p<0.05) for of As, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Fe in all samples compared to Method -A and Method- B. Method- C was validated with analysis of Standard Reference Material 1515 (SRM) obtained from NIST and recovery percentage for As, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn and Fe were 102, 96, 106, 94.5, 108 and 100 respectively.
Use of traditional medicine : are we on the right way?
Herbal or traditional remedies have been used to cure different ailments since pre- historic time... more Herbal or traditional remedies have been used to cure different ailments since pre- historic times. The use of recorded herbal medicines can be traced back to about 5000 years ago when the Sumerian's used plants such as thyme and laurel as a remedy for ailments. According to the WHO report at present about 70 to 80 percent of world population is largely depending on traditional medicine (TM). In recent years surprisingly the usage of TM has become popular in developed countries like USA and Europe. In fact mistakenly a large number of the users of traditional medicine think that anything that is prepared from natural sources or elements is safe for consumption and does not have any undesirable side effects. This fallacy is present not only among the users of the poor/developing nations but also the users of developed countries. Toxicity arising from the use of traditional medicine is often reported. It may arise from the ingredients itself or from the process of formulation of the traditional medicine. Lack of supervision and strict control over the formulation procedure is major factor that causes such complication. WHO has expressed its concern about the lack of research on the area for the standardization and quality control issues for the manufacturing of the TM. To ensure the safety and efficacy issues related to the consumption of TM is getting prime attention from the relevant authorities around the world. In our study we are emphasizing on the quality control issues for the manufacturing of TM. It will also highlight some of our study results reported earlier regarding the presence of toxic heavy metals in different traditional medicine preparations collected locally. Our aim is not to put obstacles for the uses of TM rather make people aware to become careful about the use of traditional medicine. Our study is in line with the government’s plan of ensuring GMP in the manufacturing of all forms of medicinal product either conventional or traditional.
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016
Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental problem. The presence of such metals in differen... more Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental problem. The presence of such metals in different areas of an ecosystem subsequently leads to the contamination of consumable products such as dietary and processed materials. Accurate monitoring of metal concentrations in various samples is of importance in order to minimize health hazards resulting from exposure to such toxic substances. For this purpose, it is essential to have a general understanding of the basic principles for different methods of elemental analysis. This article provides an overview of the most sensitive techniques of elemental analysis such as atomic absorption/emission spectrometry, mass spectrometry, x-ray fluorescence, voltametry, and nuclear techniques. In addition, the article addresses some applications in a range of sample matrices.
Development and validation of new economic HPLC method for the analysis of gliclazide in tablet dosage form
New sensitive and highly economic analytical method for the analysis of gliclazide in tablet dosa... more New sensitive and highly economic analytical method for the analysis of gliclazide in tablet dosage form was developed and validated using UHPLC column and HPLC instrument. Standards and samples were prepared by dissolving gliclazide standard or gliclazide tablets in small amount of methanol sonicate for 5 min then top up using mobile phase. Samples were analysed using Agilent 1200 Series RP-HPLC equipped with quaternary pump and auto injector. Samples were injected to C18 HSS water column (2.1X100 mm, 2.5µm) and the mobile phase consisted of triethylamine buffer (pH=3 adjusted using phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile in the ratio 50:50 v/. The flow rate was 0.4 ml/min and UV detector was used for the detection and the wavelength was 229 nm. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The retention time for gliclazide peak was 3.437±0.41 min with the total run time of 6 min with total solvent consumption of 2.4 ml per run. The method was found linear over the range 0.1-40 µg/ml with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.999. The recovery was 98.09-100.19 %, and the method showed high precision and repeatability. All validated parameters were in the acceptable range of ICH requirements. In conclusion new rapid sensitive and highly economic method was developed and validated for the analysis of gliclazide in tablet dosage form.
Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 2016
Background: Traditional medicine mainly of herbal origin is widely used all around the world. Hea... more Background: Traditional medicine mainly of herbal origin is widely used all around the world. Heavy metal contamination in such products is frequently reported. Accumulation of heavy metals in the human body leads to various health hazards. Thus, precise determination for such contaminants is required for safety assurance. Sample preparation is a significant step in spectroscopic analysis to achieve reliable and accurate results. Wet digestion methods are basically used for the dissolution of herbal product samples prior to elemental analysis. Methods: This study has been designed to evaluate the efficiency of three acid digestion methods using different solvents. Five samples were digested with three different acid digestion methods namely method A (a combination of nitric-perchloric acids HNO 3-HClO 4 in a ratio 2:1), method B (only nitric acid HNO 3), and method C (a mixture of nitrichydrochloric acids HNO 3-HCl in a ratio 1:3), to recommend the most efficient digestion method that gains the highest analyte recovery. The analysis of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) was conducted using various techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results: The statistical analysis revealed that method C which represented the combination of nitric-hydrochloric acids HNO 3-HCl in a ratio 1:3 was the most efficient digestion method for herbal product samples as it had given a significant high recovery (p < 0.05) for all metals compared to method A and method B. Accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by the analysis of standard reference material (SRM) 1515 Apple Leaves from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) which presented good recoveries for all metals ranging from 94.5 to 108 %. Conclusion: Method C provides highest recovery for all the analytes under investigation using AAS in herbal medicine samples.
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2012
Traditional medicines (TM) of herbal origin have been increasingly getting popular in the last fe... more Traditional medicines (TM) of herbal origin have been increasingly getting popular in the last few decades. In Malaysia, a significant number of people consume locally available traditional medicine for their health care needs. Due to the wide use of herbal medicines, regulatory authorities express concern about the safety of using these products. Heavy metal content of the medicinal formulation is one of them. Exposure to heavy metals may cause many adverse health effects. This study was designed to determine the toxic heavy metals content in locally available traditional medicine in the East Coast Region of Malaysia. Twenty five samples of TM were collected from different places to identify the concentration of five heavy metals namely Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd and Ni. The determination of Zn and Fe were conducted using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), while Pb, Cd and Ni analysis were conducted using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS). Most of the samples show the presences of those heavy metals with different concentration namely Cd (0.1 to 1.23 ppm), Pb (1.51 to 19.35 ppm), Ni (2.47 to 14.94 ppm), Zn (13.2 to 125 ppm) and Fe (109.4 to 1484.7 ppm).
A Review on the Formulation and Analysis of Anti-Diabetic Agent: Gliclazide
Advanced Materials Research, 2013
Gliclazide is a second generation sulfonylurea, which is used as antidiabetics drug. It is orally... more Gliclazide is a second generation sulfonylurea, which is used as antidiabetics drug. It is orally administrated and used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and has duration of action of 12 h or more. Beside its hypoglycaemic effects, gliclazide was reported to have many other important effects, such as: suppression of platelet functions, antithrombotic actions, decreased the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α by endothelial cells and other effects. The unique activities of gliclazide has open a new avenue for the drug development research. This work is aimed to provide comprehensive information about gliclazide and its current research activities.
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Papers by Prof Dr Syed Atif Abbas (FOP)