Papers by Pierre-eric Lauri
Agronomical and genetical approaches developed in France for new olive planting systems
Advances in horticultural science, 2010
French olive production is currently limited by its very high cost mainly due to labour expenses.... more French olive production is currently limited by its very high cost mainly due to labour expenses. A new olive planting system based on hedgerows and harvesting machines could be a solution to decrease olive oil production costs while maintaining good quality. In France various methods have been investigated to improve the management of such training system, based on architectural studies, improvement of tree training and search of low vigour material (existing genotypes, dwarfing rootstocks, offspring progeny) for the new orchards. The initial results for each approach and the research prospects are presented in this paper for better knowledge of tree development, influence of tree manipulations on tree architecture and productivity, and exploration of genetic solutions.
Horticultural Reviews, 2010
Relationship between the early development of apple fruiting branches and the regularity of bearing—An approach to the strategies of various cultivars
Journal of Horticultural Science, 1997
ABSTRACT
Does Knowledge on Fruit Tree Architecture and Its Implications for Orchard Management Improve Horticultural Sustainability? An Overview of Recent Advances in the Apple
Acta Horticulturae, 2009
Orchard planting systems are often associated with tree shape management which has direct and pra... more Orchard planting systems are often associated with tree shape management which has direct and practical implications on training and pruning strategies. The objective of horticultural practices is to reach the required height and shape as fast as possible and maintain the tree framework in time and space. Scientific studies consider the individual crown shape and the spatial organization of trees within the orchard, which encompass tree height, planting distances, alley width and/or the leaf area index (LAI). Therefore, eco-physiological studies are mostly dedicated to the optimisation of orchard performances, highlighting the importance of light interception and distribution. At orchard level, the individual tree is often considered as a black box, and the turbid medium analogy hypothesized, i.e., tree crowns are filled with a uniform leaf area density and isolines of canopy light distribution are computed. An incremental improvement in the understanding of tree growth and fruiting strategies has been developed in the last three decades. Minimal pruning concepts have been proposed to fruit growers, limiting undesired vegetative reactions and taking advantage of the genetic variability of architecture. Applications of these concepts lead to early and more regular yield, and favour the homogeneity of fruit quality. Recent studies also showed that interactions exist between components of tree architecture, namely branching density and shoot growth dynamics, and development of orchard pests and diseases. Paralleling the better understanding of tree architecture, dramatic improvements of ecophysiological studies have been performed now including an explicit description of plant geometry. Using computer-generated three dimensional representations of digitised trees light interception and distribution can now be accurately modelled at tree and orchard scales. These approaches are therefore, capable of taking branch organisation into account and this can in turn open new hypotheses related to pest and disease occurrence. Emerging concepts in fruit tree manipulation, and their impacts on architecture and eco-physiology, undoubtedly open new avenues in orchard management with the objectives to meet horticultural sustainability, i.e., optimising labour efficiency and fertilizer and water use, and demanding less pesticide
FACTORS AFFECTING NUT WEIGHT IN WALNUT (Juglans regia L.) – AN ANALYSIS OF GENOTYPES WITH CONTRASTING BRANCHING PATTERNS
Acta Horticulturae, 2001
Vegetative Growth and Reproductive Strategies in Apple Fruiting Branches - an Investigation Into Various Cultivars
Acta Horticulturae, 1997
ABSTRACT
The Vertical Axis and Solaxe Systems in France
Acta Horticulturae, 1998
ABSTRACT
Architectural Analysis of Fig Trees as a Tool to Study Genetic Diversity in Cultivars
ABSTRACT
Progress in Whole-Tree Architectural Studies for Apple Cultivar Characterization at Inra, France-Contribution to the Ideotype Approach
Acta Horticulturae, 2004
ABSTRACT In France, the determination of fruiting type and tree ideotype has been a first step in... more ABSTRACT In France, the determination of fruiting type and tree ideotype has been a first step in the description of the variability of the whole-tree shape in relation to fruiting behaviour. Although the ranking into four ideotypes gives an easy-to-use criterion to discriminate between cultivars, it does not clearly address the various strategies of growth, branching and fruiting among apple cultivars. Over the last decade, detailed architectural investigations have been developed at trunk and branch levels. Both frequencies and spatial distribution of (i) types (vegetative sylleptic or proleptic, flowering, latent); and (ii) length of laterals (spur, long shoot) on 1-year old wood and during further development have been shown to follow specific patterns depending on the cultivar. This paper will discuss the interest of these architectural analyses for cultivar characterization with the objective to provide the apple breeder with an apple tree ideotype for low-input regular-bearing cultivar. INTRODUCTION Various attempts have been made in the past to describe and classify tree form. The excurrent vs. decurrent branching habit -in which there is a definitive main stem producing lateral branches (excurrent) or a main stem that spreads and becomes lost among the uppermost branches (decurrent) -has probably been one of the most commonly used classifications of forest and fruit trees (Brown et al., 1967). This classification has recently been discussed in a physiological perspective in relation to apical control (e.g. relationships with endogenous auxin content, Cline, 1997). However, by using gross morphological descriptors it does not really take into account the complexity of tree architecture, notably relationships between vegetative growth and fruiting. In France, Bernhard's classification was the first formalized attempt to range apple trees according to both the overall tree growth pattern -i.e. direction of growth of the scaffold branches, from upright to weeping -and their fruiting types (types I to IV). Type I cultivars had fruit mostly on spurs branched on "old wood", whereas type IV cultivars had fruit mostly in terminal position on brindle-type shoots (Bernhard, 1961; IBPGR, 1982). Lespinasse and colleagues (Lespinasse, 1977; Lespinasse and Delort, 1986) later included a third parameter, the position of the scaffold branches along the trunk from basitonic to acrotonic. Lespinasse (1992) proposed to gather in type II, all spur-type cultivars, using type I only for cultivars with a typical columnar habit. Spur-type cultivars will then be hereafter referred as belonging to type I/II. This classification based on morphological criteria was related to the fruiting pattern: type IV cultivars were reported to have a shorter time to production and a more regular bearing pattern than type I or II cultivars. Knowledge of tree growth and branching pattern in relation to fruiting then appeared to be a great challenge for the apple tree breeder (Lespinasse, 1992). Since the beginning of the 90's, a research program was developed at INRA on the apple tree architecture (sensu Hallé et al., 1978) to characterize the architectural diversity of apple trees. The final objective was to provide the apple breeder with some simple discriminating architectural traits which may be used to select individual trees in progenies for regular bearing with less need for pruning. This paper presents some of the results obtained at trunk level -with the analysis of both sylleptic XI th Eucarpia Symp. on Fruit Breed.
Young Flush Thinning in Mango (CV. Cogshall) Controls Canopy Density and Production
Acta Horticulturae, 2009
ABSTRACT
European Pear Architecture and Fruiting-Branch Management: Overview of an Inra Research Program
VIII International Symposium on Pear, 2002
ABSTRACT
Shoot Architecture of the Olive Tree: Effect of Cultivar on the Number and Distribution of Vegetative and Reproductive Organs on Branches
Acta Horticulturae, 2004
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La Production Fruitière Intégrée en France : innovation ou rénovation ? Integrated Fruit Production in France : innovation or renovation ?
Summary : Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) is expanding in Europe. It refers to IOBC (Internatio... more Summary : Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) is expanding in Europe. It refers to IOBC (International Organisation for Biological Control) guidelines, aiming at « economical production of high quality fruit, giving priority to ecologically safer methods, minimising the undesirable side-effects and use of agrochemicals, (and) to enhance the safeguards to the environment and human health ». How such guidelines are interpreted by various stakeholders ? What groups support or implement them ? How can agronomy contribute to this change in fruit production standards ? Based on the experience of a INRA research programme (2000-2004), the authors address three issues about innovation. First, they show how a research group developed while organising interfaces among scientific approaches, with producers organisations and extension. They also depict how technical guidelines are embedded and shape innovation capabilities in fruit production. The French interpretation of IFP, namely in the profe...
[Effects of fruit load and rootstock on quality and maturity of apples cv. Braeburn]
Study of apple and mango training systems. Research and application elements
Réflexion sur la conduite du pommier et du manguier. Eléments de recherches et d'applications
Introduction. Le but de cet article est de relier le developpement du pommier, dont certains conc... more Introduction. Le but de cet article est de relier le developpement du pommier, dont certains concepts recents ont permis d'ameliorer la conduite, et du manguier, afin de degager des orientations de recherche pour un meilleur controle de la production du manguier. Le pommier en zone temperee : evolution des concepts de conduite. Chez les pommiers, il existe une relation entre le port des differents cultivars et la tendance a l'alternance de production. Des etudes ont conduit a developper la notion de branche fruitiere, unite de travail dont l'arboriculteur doit controler le developpement. Le manguier en zone intertropicale : croissance et fonctionnement fructifere. Le manguier a une croissance rythmique. Ses axes resultent de l'empilement d'unites de croissance successives. Son architecture est issue de trois unites d'organisation : l'unite architecturale (UA) ; les complexes reiteres precoces ; les complexes reiteres retardes, UA "minimales" au sein des deux structures precedentes. La separation temporelle et spatiale des evenements vegetatifs et reproductifs fait que les meristemes ont des fonctionnements differes et de frequence variable selon les categories d'axes. Elements pour une nouvelle approche de la conduite du manguier. La confrontation des travaux realises sur pommier et manguier permet de discuter trois themes : les niveaux d'integration dans l'arbre et leur interet agronomique ; les relations entre croissance vegetative et floraison ; la maitrise de la fructification par la conduite de l'arbre. Conclusion : quelques propositions de recherches et d'applications. Les elements acquis sur la conduite du pommier et la biologie du manguier permettent de presenter, pour cet arbre, deux voies d'amelioration de sa conduite. (Resume d'auteur)
Evolution of Morphological Parameters During the Growth-Cycle of Callisia-Fragrans (Commelinaceae)
Conduite du pommier-De l'axe vertical au solaxe, vers un renouvellement des concepts
National audienc
Méthodes culturales et parasitisme: Vergers
Largement adoptee en verger de pommiers pour son interet agronomique, la conduite centrifuge par ... more Largement adoptee en verger de pommiers pour son interet agronomique, la conduite centrifuge par extinction artificielle est basee sur la suppression de rameaux fructiferes a l'interieur de l'arbre et a la face inferieure des branches fruitieres. Les modifications qui resultent, en termes de repartition et de densite des rameaux, ainsi que de microclimat dans l'arbre, sont susceptibles d'affecter le developpement de ravageurs ou maladies. Trois annees d'etude en verger experimental en agriculture biologique (AB) ont permis d'etudier les effets de la conduite centrifuge sur des bio-agresseurs d'importance economique du pommier (pucerons, acariens, tavelure) par rapport a une conduite classique en Solaxe sans suppression de rameaux. La conduite centrifuge s'accompagne de niveaux d'infestation moindres pour le puceron cendre, les acariens et la tavelure au printemps, par rapport a une conduite en Solaxe. Les effets constates perdurent d'un an sur l'autre tout au long de l'etude. Par ailleurs, en verger AB, la conduite centrifuge permet une repartition du temps de travail consacre a la regulation de la charge en fruits sur deux periodes (extinction artificielle a la floraison et, si necessaire, eclaircissage manuel des corymbes restants apres nouaison). La conduite centrifuge, dont l'interet agronomique est confirme par ailleurs, constitue donc egalement une methode culturale a meme de contribuer a la protection integree du verger de pommiers.
Integrated fruit production in France: A new challenge for horticultural research
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Papers by Pierre-eric Lauri