P. Bikker

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Modelling heat production and heat loss in growing-finishing pigs

The objective of this paper is to discuss some aspects of modelling heat production and heat loss... more The objective of this paper is to discuss some aspects of modelling heat production and heat losses in growing-finishing pigs. The main formulas from an existing, continuously updated, model (Anipro) are compared with existing formulas given by the CIGR working group on Climatization of Animal Houses (2002) and other formulas described in literature. The main conclusions from this comparison are: 1) the estimates of the metabolizable energy for maintenance varies substantially between different studies; this seems to be related to differences in animal activity levels during the studies and differences in genetics of the pigs; 2) the CIGR formulas for calculating heat production seems to be valid for modern pigs; the feeding levels, however, defined as n times maintenance, should be updated; 3) the Anipro and CIGR formulas for calculating evaporative heat losses are too simple and should be updated with a more fundamental approach, including not only ambient temperature, but also hu...

Botanical additives masked by a flavor do not affect feed intake, growth, or fecal consistency in weanling pigs

Poultry Science, 2004

Omvang en implicaties van antibiotica-versleping in mengvoeders voor varkens

Tijdens de productie van een mengvoeder is het technisch onvermijdbaar dat een gedeelte van de ge... more Tijdens de productie van een mengvoeder is het technisch onvermijdbaar dat een gedeelte van de geproduceerde partij achterblijft in de productielijn en uiteindelijk terechtkomt in de volgende partij mengvoeder. De consequentie van deze "versleping" is dat partijen, die direct na gemedicineerde voeders geproduceerd worden, restanten van diergeneesmiddelen (antibiotica) bevatten. Bij dit onderzoek is op 21 mengvoederbedrijven nader onderzoek gedaan naar de omvang en het niveau van versleping van antibiotica in spoelcharges voor varkens.

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Actualisatie excretiecijfers landbouwhuisdieren voor forfaits regeling Meststoffenwet

LNV heeft de Commissie van Deskundigen Meststoffenwet (CDM) gevraagd voor de diercategorieen uit ... more LNV heeft de Commissie van Deskundigen Meststoffenwet (CDM) gevraagd voor de diercategorieen uit de meststoffenwet de excretiecijfers te valideren en zo nodig te actualiseren. De hiervoor in het leven geroepen werkgroep heeft de forfaits uit de meststoffenwet kritisch vergeleken met de excretiecijfers uit recente rapporten (o.a. CBS) en met de gemiddelde excretiecijfers zoals die met de nu beschikbare informatie worden berekend. De door de CDM verwachte gemiddelde excretie van N en P door melkkoeien in de periode 2006-2009 is hoger dan de in de praktijk gerealiseerde gemiddelde excretie, voornamelijk doordat bij de vaststelling van de verwachte excretie met een geringer aandeel snijmais in het rantsoen rekening is gehouden dan in de praktijk nu wordt gerealiseerd

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Tryptophan requirements of growing pigs: a dose response study

A total of 144 pigs were divided into four dietary treatment groups with increasing tryptophan:ly... more A total of 144 pigs were divided into four dietary treatment groups with increasing tryptophan:lysine ratios (apparent ileal digestible (AID) Trp:Lys 0:14, 0:17, 0:20 and 0:23 and standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys 0:15, 0:18, 0:21 and 0:24) for 6 weeks. There were 6 replicates with 6 animals per replicate in each treatment. It was shown that increasing dietary AID Trp:Lys from 0:14 to 0:20 significantly stimulated feed intake from 1.2 to 1.6 kg/day, liveweight gain from 509 to 752 g/day and body weight at the end of the experiment from 44.2 to 56.6 kg. Feed conversion ratio was reduced from 2.49 to 2.15. AID and SID Trp:Lys requirements for maximum liveweight gain were estimated at 0.19 and 0.22 and 0.20 and 0.23 using linear plateau and quadratic models, respectively.

Extent and implications of carry-over of antibiotics in porcine feed production. [Conference poster]

Protein and lipid accretion in body components of growing pigs : effects of body weight and nutrient intake

In pig production, optimization of the conversion of animal feeding-stuffs into body components, ... more In pig production, optimization of the conversion of animal feeding-stuffs into body components, especially lean meat, requires knowledge of the response relationships between nutrient intake and animal performance. In this study, the separate effects of protein and energy intake on rate and composition of body gain have been determined, in pigs with a high genetic capacity for lean tissue gain, from 20 to 45 kg. In addition, the response in body gain to energy intake has been investigated from 20 to 45 kg and from 45 to 85 kg, and the effects of body weight and previous nutrition on this response were examined. The relationship between protein intake and protein accretion was described well with a linear-plateau model, reflecting a protein and an energy dependent phase in protein deposition. The amino acid pattern of body protein was influenced by protein and energy intake. The optimal lysinelenergy ratio was not significantly affected by the level of feed intake. Protein and lipid...

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Trend analysis of copper and zinc in animal feed

The EC has introduced maximum inclusion levels of copper and zinc salts in animal diets from 1970... more The EC has introduced maximum inclusion levels of copper and zinc salts in animal diets from 1970 onwards and reduced these levels in recent years. In this report historical values are used to give insight into trends in levels of copper and zinc in compound feeds for animals in the Netherlands. The results of these analyses will enable the nVWA (Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority) to develop a more risk-directed sampling strategy in the National Feed Monitoring program. Over 2000 feed samples are analysed for this report. The data for this analysis are from the period between 2001 and 2009. The copper and zinc data-set contains mostly feeds for piglets, (older) pigs, sheep and to a lesser extent bovine and other species.

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Metabolism and Nutrition : Phytase and Minerals 124 Effects of temperature , pH , and pepsin on the stability of intrinsic phytase of rye , wheat , and barley

An experiment was carried out to evaluate effects of temperature, pH, and incubation time on the ... more An experiment was carried out to evaluate effects of temperature, pH, and incubation time on the stability of intrinsic phytases. The experiment was conducted as a 3*4*3*3 factorial arrangement with 3 feed ingredients (rye, wheat, and barley), 4 temperatures (T) (20, 38, 55, and 80°C), 3 pH levels (3, 5.5, and 8), and 3 incubation times (30, 60, and 120 min), with 2 replicates per treatment. After incubation at the destined conditions of T and pH, residual phytase activity of treatment groups as well as non-treated (reference) samples were measured. Stability was calculated as the ratio of the residual phytase activity of a treated sample to the reference sample times 100. Phytase activity of the reference samples of rye, wheat, and barley was 3.14, 1.77, and 0.66 FTU/g, respectively. Overall, rye showed the highest and barley the lowest stability (58% vs. 47%). Stability decreased with increasing T to 6.5% at 80°C. Stability of intrinsic phytase significantly decreased with increas...

Amino acid digestibilty and nutritional value of poultry by-products in the diet of growing pigs

Roze vleeskalveren vragen weinig DVE: gunstig voor MINAS

In de afgelopen 5 jaar heeft het Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden uitgebreid onderzo... more In de afgelopen 5 jaar heeft het Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan naar de DVE-behoefte van roze vleeskalveren. In de praktijk wordt royaal eiwit gevoerd, meer dan het kalf nodig heeft. Nu MINAS dichter bij komtis het van belang na te gaan in hoeverre de aanvoer van eiwit (stikstof) via het voer kan worden verlaagd.

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Aanzet en benutting van eiwit en lysine bij jonge groeiende varkens onder invloed van energie en eiwitopname

Partitioning of dietary nitrogen between body components and waste in young growing pigs

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science

In experiment 1, 90 female pigs were fed, from 20 to 45 kg, at two energy intake levels (2x and 3... more In experiment 1, 90 female pigs were fed, from 20 to 45 kg, at two energy intake levels (2x and 3x maintenance requirement) and 15 protein intakes ranging from 127 to 350 g/day. Protein deposition increased linearly with increasing protein intake until a plateau in deposition was reached at 106 and 126 g/day at the low and high energy level, respectively. Marginal efficiency of utilization of ileal digestible lysine was 0.74 for the two energy levels. In a second experiment, 24 female pigs were fed a protein-adequate diet at six levels of energy intake ranging from 1.7x maintenance to ad libitum. Protein deposition increased from 70 to 172 g/day, with increasing feed intake. The proportion of body protein deposited as lean tissue decreased from 0.62 to 0.55 with increasing feed intake. Consequences of these results for a more sustainable animal production are discussed.

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Excretie van biologisch gehouden leghennen, zeugen en vleesvarkens onder praktijkomstandigheden : Bouwstenen voor berekening van de stalbalans

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In vitro studie naar de invloed van intrinsiek en microbieel fytase op de afbraak van fytinezuur in biologische geteelde grondstoffen voor de dierhouderij : Een verkennende studie

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Lysine requirement of growing-finishing pigs: a dose-response study

Recently, Van der Peet-Schwering and Bikker (2018) updated the recommendations for standardized i... more Recently, Van der Peet-Schwering and Bikker (2018) updated the recommendations for standardized ileal digestible (SID) essential amino acids (AA) in starter, grower and finisher diets for current and future growing and finishing (GF) boars, gilts and barrows. The SID lysine requirement was determined using the pig model InraPorc (Van Milgen et al., 2008). The updated SID lysine requirements for current pigs were validated in a dose-response study described in the present report. The study was performed on two farms (Farm A and Farm B) both with GF gilts and boars. The pigs of each sex were assigned to one of four SID lysine levels: 80, 95, 110 or 125% of the recommended level for current boars and gilts in the starter, grower and finisher phase (Van der Peet-Schwering and Bikker, 2018). These levels were fed during the whole GF period. The SID lysine (in g/EW2015) at the 100% level was sex specific and hence differed between boars and gilts. Recommended SID levels (100%) in starter, grower and finisher diets for current GF boars were 8.7, 7.6 and 6.8 g/EW2015, respectively. Recommended SID levels (100%) in starter, grower and finisher diets for current GF gilts were 8.3, 7.1 and 6.1 g/EW2015, respectively. The GF boars and gilts pigs were fed a starter diet during the first five weeks, a grower diet for the subsequent four weeks and a finisher diet until delivery to the slaughterhouse. At Farm A, feed was supplied ad libitum in a dry feed hopper with one feeding place and one drinking nipple per pen. At Farm B, feed was supplied ad libitum in a dry feed hopper with two feeding places and two drinking nipples per pen. On both farms, the feed was provided as pellets via a computerized automatic system, which registered the amount of feed (in kg) supplied per pen per day. In each of the three phases, regression analyses with a broken line model with average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as response variables and SID lysine (g//EW2015) as independent variable was used to determine the required dietary SID lysine content for maximum ADG and minimum FCR. The study was conducted without major problems. The mean growth performance was at a high level. Mean results on high lysine diets on Farm A was for feed intake 2.2/2.3 kg/d, ADG 1080/990 g/d and FCR 2.1/2.3 for boars and gilts, respectively. For Farm B, mean results were for feed intake 2.1/2.2 kg/d, ADG 900/840 g/d and FCR 2.3/2.6 for boars and gilts, respectively. Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions were drawn:-In general, the approach adopted by Van der Peet-Schwering and Bikker (2018) to define the growth performance based on ADG and FCR and derive the SID lysine requirements using InraPorc was confirmed by the present study. Adequate farm specific typing of growth performance of the pigs is crucial. The growth curve on a farm may deviate from that used for the current GF pigs in Van der Peet-Schwering and Bikker (2018).-The recommended SID levels in starter diets of 8.7 and 8.3 g/EW2015 for current boars and gilts, respectively, were too low for the farms in this study. For maximizing ADG and minimizing FCR, the recommended SID levels in starter diets for boars and gilts were 10.6 and 9.5 g/EW2015, respectively, on Farm A and 9.8 and 9.0 g/EW2015, respectively, on Farm B.-The recommended SID levels in grower diets of 7.6 and 7.1 g/EW2015 for current boars and gilts, respectively, are in accordance with the SID lysine requirement of boars and gilts during the grower phase on Farm A and Farm B.-The recommended SID level in finisher diets of 6.8 g/EW2015 for current boars might be too low for boars on Farm A (for minimizing FCR, not for maximizing ADG) but too high for boars on Farm B. The recommended SID level in finisher diets of 6.1 g/EW2015 for current gilts might be too low for gilts on Farm A (for minimizing FCR, not for maximizing ADG) but is in accordance with the SID lysine requirement of gilts during the finisher phase on Farm B. For maximizing ADG and minimizing FCR, the recommended SID levels in finisher diets for boars and gilts were 8.0 and 6.5 g/EW2015, respectively, on Farm A and 6.0 and 6.0 g/EW2015, respectively, on Farm B.-The difference in estimated requirements on Farm A and Farm B compared to recommendations for current pigs was largely explained by FCR realised in each phase on the two farms, relative to the FCR of current pigs.

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Amino acid requirement of growing and finishing pigs

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Amino acid requirement of growing and finishing pigs

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In vitro studie naar de invloed van intrinsiek en microbieel fytase op de afbraak van fytinezuur in biologische geteelde grondstoffen voor de dierhouderij

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Excretie van biologisch gehouden leghennen, zeugen en vleesvarkens onder praktijkomstandigheden

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