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Noam Levin

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Papers by Noam Levin

Optimizing the Timing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Image Acquisition for Applied Mapping of Woody Vegetation Species Using Feature Selection

Remote Sensing, Nov 6, 2017

Most recent studies relating to the classification of vegetation species on the individual level ... more Most recent studies relating to the classification of vegetation species on the individual level use cutting-edge sensors and follow a data-driven approach, aimed at maximizing classification accuracy within a relatively small allocated area of optimal conditions. However, this approach does not incorporate cost-benefit considerations or the ability of applying the chosen methodology for applied mapping over larger areas with higher natural heterogeneity. In this study, we present a phenology-based cost-effective approach for optimizing the number and timing of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery acquisition, based on a priori near-surface observations. A ground-placed camera was used in order to generate annual time series of nine spectral indices and three color conversions (red, green and blue to hue, saturation and value) in four different East Mediterranean sites that represent different environmental conditions. After outliers' removal, the time series dataset represented 1852 individuals of 12 common vegetation species and annual herbaceous patches. A feature selection process was used for identifying the optimal dates for species classification in every site. The feature selection can be designed for various objectives, e.g., optimization of overall classification, discrimination between two species, or discrimination of one species from all others. In order to evaluate the a priori findings, a UAV was flown for acquiring five overhead multiband orthomosaics (five bands in the visible-near infrared range based on the five optimal dates identified in the feature selection of the near-surface time series of the previous year. An object-based classification methodology was used for the discrimination of 976 individuals of nine species and annual herbaceous patches in the UAV imagery, and resulted in an average overall accuracy of 85% and an average Kappa coefficient of 0.82. This cost-effective approach has high potential for detailed vegetation mapping, regarding the accessibility of UAV-produced time series, compared to hyper-spectral imagery with high spatial resolution which is more expensive and involves great difficulties in implementation over large areas.

The Impacts of Spatial Resolution, Viewing Angle, and Spectral Vegetation Indices on the Quantification of Woody Mediterranean Species Seasonality Using Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing, May 18, 2021

Discriminating between woody plant species using a single image is not straightforward due to sim... more Discriminating between woody plant species using a single image is not straightforward due to similarity in their spectral signatures, and limitations in the spatial resolution of many sensors. Seasonal changes in vegetation indices can potentially improve vegetation mapping; however, for mapping at the individual species level, very high spatial resolution is needed. In this study we examined the ability of the Israel/French satellite of VENµS and other sensors with higher spatial resolutions, for identifying woody Mediterranean species, based on the seasonal patterns of vegetation indices (VIs). For the study area, we chose a site with natural and highly heterogeneous vegetation in the Judean Mountains (Israel), which well represents the Mediterranean maquis vegetation of the region. We used three sensors from which the indices were derived: a consumergrade ground-based camera (weekly images at VIS-NIR; six VIs; 547 individual plants), UAV imagery (11 images, five bands, seven VIs) resampled to 14, 30, 125, and 500 cm to simulate the spatial resolutions available from some satellites, and VENµS Level 1 product (with a nominal spatial resolution of 5.3 m at nadir; seven VIs; 1551 individual plants). The various sensors described seasonal changes in the species' VIs at different levels of success. Strong correlations between the near-surface sensors for a given VI and species mostly persisted for all spatial resolutions ≤125 cm. The UAV ExG index presented high correlations with the ground camera data in most species (pixel size ≤125 cm; 9 of 12 species with R ≥ 0.85; p < 0.001), and high classification accuracies (pixel size ≤30 cm; 8 species with >70%), demonstrating the possibility for detailed species mapping from space. The seasonal dynamics of the species obtained from VENµS demonstrated the dominant role of ephemeral herbaceous vegetation on the signal recorded by the sensor. The low variance between the species as observed from VENµS may be explained by its coarse spatial resolution (effective ground spatial resolution of 7.5) and its non-nadir viewing angle (29.7 • ) over the study area. However, considering the challenging characteristics of the research site, it may be that using a VENµS type sensor (with a spatial resolution of ~1 m) from a nadir point of view and in more homogeneous and dense areas would allow for detailed mapping of Mediterranean species based on their seasonality.

Mapping Foliar Nutrition Using WorldView-3 and WorldView-2 to Assess Koala Habitat Suitability

Remote Sensing, Jan 22, 2019

Conservation planning and population assessment for widely-distributed, but vulnerable, arboreal ... more Conservation planning and population assessment for widely-distributed, but vulnerable, arboreal folivore species demands cost-effective mapping of habitat suitability over large areas. This study tested whether multispectral data from WorldView-3 could be used to estimate and map foliar digestible nitrogen (DigN), a nutritional measure superior to total nitrogen for tannin-rich foliage for the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). We acquired two WorldView-3 images (November 2015) and collected leaf samples from Eucalyptus woodlands in semi-arid eastern Australia. Linear regression indicated the normalized difference index using bands "Coastal" and "NIR1" best estimated DigN concentration (% dry matter, R 2 = 0.70, RMSE = 0.19%). Foliar DigN concentration was mapped for multi-species Eucalyptus open woodlands across two landscapes using this index. This mapping method was tested on a WorldView-2 image (October 2012) with associated koala tracking data (August 2010 to November 2011) from a different landscape of the study region. Quantile regression showed significant positive relationship between estimated DigN and occurrence of koalas at 0.999 quantile (R 2 = 0.63). This study reports the first attempt to use a multispectral satellite-derived spectral index for mapping foliar DigN at a landscape-scale (100s km 2 ). The mapping method can potentially be incorporated in mapping and monitoring koala habitat suitability for conservation management.

The Impacts of Spatial Resolution, Viewing Angle, and Spectral Vegetation Indices on the Quantification of Woody Mediterranean Species Seasonality Using Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing, 2021

Discriminating between woody plant species using a single image is not straightforward due to sim... more Discriminating between woody plant species using a single image is not straightforward due to similarity in their spectral signatures, and limitations in the spatial resolution of many sensors. Seasonal changes in vegetation indices can potentially improve vegetation mapping; however, for mapping at the individual species level, very high spatial resolution is needed. In this study we examined the ability of the Israel/French satellite of VENμS and other sensors with higher spatial resolutions, for identifying woody Mediterranean species, based on the seasonal patterns of vegetation indices (VIs). For the study area, we chose a site with natural and highly heterogeneous vegetation in the Judean Mountains (Israel), which well represents the Mediterranean maquis vegetation of the region. We used three sensors from which the indices were derived: a consumer-grade ground-based camera (weekly images at VIS-NIR; six VIs; 547 individual plants), UAV imagery (11 images, five bands, seven VI...

Unveiling the Factors Responsible for Australia’s Black Summer Fires of 2019/2020

Fire, 2021

The summer season of 2019–2020 has been named Australia’s Black Summer because of the large fores... more The summer season of 2019–2020 has been named Australia’s Black Summer because of the large forest fires that burnt for months in southeast Australia, affecting millions of Australia’s citizens and hundreds of millions of animals and capturing global media attention. This extensive fire season has been attributed to the global climate crisis, a long drought season and extreme fire weather conditions. Our aim in this study was to examine the factors that have led some of the wildfires to burn over larger areas for a longer duration and to cause more damage to vegetation. To this end, we studied all large forest and non-forest fires (>100 km2) that burnt in Australia between September 2019 and mid-February 2020 (Australia’s Black Summer fires), focusing on the forest fires in southeast Australia. We used a segmentation algorithm to define individual polygons of large fires based on the burn date from NASA’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fires product and ...

Remote sensing of night lights: A review and an outlook for the future

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2020

Remote sensing of night light emissions in the visible band offers a unique opportunity to direct... more Remote sensing of night light emissions in the visible band offers a unique opportunity to directly observe human activity from space. This has allowed a host of applications including mapping urban areas, estimating population and GDP, monitoring disasters and conflicts. More recently, remotely sensed night lights data have found use in understanding the environmental impacts of light emissions (light pollution), including their impacts on human health. In this review, we outline the historical development of night-time optical sensors up to the current state of the art sensors, highlight various applications of night light data, discuss the special challenges associated with remote sensing of night lights with a focus on the limitations of current sensors, and provide an outlook for the future of remote sensing of night lights. While the paper mainly focuses on space borne remote sensing, ground based sensing of night-time brightness for studies on astronomical and ecological light pollution, as well as for calibration and validation of space borne data, are also discussed. Although the development of night light sensors lags behind day-time sensors, we demonstrate that the field is in a stage of rapid development. The worldwide transition to LED lights poses a particular challenge for remote sensing of night lights, and strongly highlights the need for a new generation of space borne night lights instruments. This work shows that future sensors are needed to monitor temporal changes during the night (for example from a geostationary platform or constellation of satellites), and to better understand the angular patterns of light emission (roughly analogous to the BRDF in daylight sensing). Perhaps most importantly, we make the case that higher spatial resolution and multispectral sensors covering the range from blue to NIR are needed to more effectively identify lighting technologies, map urban functions, and monitor energy use.

Mapping Foliar Nutrition Using WorldView-3 and WorldView-2 to Assess Koala Habitat Suitability

Remote Sensing, 2019

Conservation planning and population assessment for widely-distributed, but vulnerable, arboreal ... more Conservation planning and population assessment for widely-distributed, but vulnerable, arboreal folivore species demands cost-effective mapping of habitat suitability over large areas. This study tested whether multispectral data from WorldView-3 could be used to estimate and map foliar digestible nitrogen (DigN), a nutritional measure superior to total nitrogen for tannin-rich foliage for the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). We acquired two WorldView-3 images (November 2015) and collected leaf samples from Eucalyptus woodlands in semi-arid eastern Australia. Linear regression indicated the normalized difference index using bands “Coastal” and “NIR1” best estimated DigN concentration (% dry matter, R2 = 0.70, RMSE = 0.19%). Foliar DigN concentration was mapped for multi-species Eucalyptus open woodlands across two landscapes using this index. This mapping method was tested on a WorldView-2 image (October 2012) with associated koala tracking data (August 2010 to November 2011) from a...

Optimizing the Timing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Image Acquisition for Applied Mapping of Woody Vegetation Species Using Feature Selection

Remote Sensing, 2017

Most recent studies relating to the classification of vegetation species on the individual level ... more Most recent studies relating to the classification of vegetation species on the individual level use cutting-edge sensors and follow a data-driven approach, aimed at maximizing classification accuracy within a relatively small allocated area of optimal conditions. However, this approach does not incorporate cost-benefit considerations or the ability of applying the chosen methodology for applied mapping over larger areas with higher natural heterogeneity. In this study, we present a phenology-based cost-effective approach for optimizing the number and timing of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery acquisition, based on a priori near-surface observations. A ground-placed camera was used in order to generate annual time series of nine spectral indices and three color conversions (red, green and blue to hue, saturation and value) in four different East Mediterranean sites that represent different environmental conditions. After outliers' removal, the time series dataset represented 1852 individuals of 12 common vegetation species and annual herbaceous patches. A feature selection process was used for identifying the optimal dates for species classification in every site. The feature selection can be designed for various objectives, e.g., optimization of overall classification, discrimination between two species, or discrimination of one species from all others. In order to evaluate the a priori findings, a UAV was flown for acquiring five overhead multiband orthomosaics (five bands in the visible-near infrared range based on the five optimal dates identified in the feature selection of the near-surface time series of the previous year. An object-based classification methodology was used for the discrimination of 976 individuals of nine species and annual herbaceous patches in the UAV imagery, and resulted in an average overall accuracy of 85% and an average Kappa coefficient of 0.82. This cost-effective approach has high potential for detailed vegetation mapping, regarding the accessibility of UAV-produced time series, compared to hyper-spectral imagery with high spatial resolution which is more expensive and involves great difficulties in implementation over large areas.

LAGOAS COSTEIRAS INTERDUNARES E BRANQUEAMENTO DE DUNAS NO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO (coastal interdune ponds and whitenning of dunes in North-east Brazil)

Mercator, Jan 29, 2009

Há evidência abundante de que muitas areias de dunas se tornam avermelhadas com o tempo. Este pro... more Há evidência abundante de que muitas areias de dunas se tornam avermelhadas com o tempo. Este processo é promovido através de temperaturas elevadas, condições de oxidação e presença periódica de umidade . Deste modo, a porcentagem de óxidos de ferro nas areias de dunas pode indicar a sua idade, materiais de origem e caminhos de transporte, como demonstrado tanto para dunas

Mapping Human Induced Landscape Changes in Israel Between the end of the 19Th Century and the Beginning of the 21Th Century

Journal of Landscape Ecology, 2014

This paper examines changes in Israel's landscape by comparing two time periods, 1881 and 201... more This paper examines changes in Israel's landscape by comparing two time periods, 1881 and 2011. For this purpose we compared land cover derived from the Palestine Exploration Fund historical map to a present land cover map that was compiled from 38 different present-day GIS layers. The research aims were (1) to quantitatively examine what were the changes in Israel's landscape between 1881 and 2011; (2) to identify and explain spatial patterns in these landscape changes. Landscape transformation was categorized into five classes: 'residual bare' (no change in natural vegetation, mostly in desert areas); 'residual' (i.e. remnant; no change in natural vegetation class); 'transformed' (changes between different natural vegetation areas); 'replaced' (area which became managed); 'removed' (no or minimal natural vegetation). We found that only 21% of the area retained similar landscape classes as in the past, with the largest changes taking ...

Testing the relevance of binary, mosaic and continuous landscape conceptualisations to reptiles in regenerating dryland landscapes

Landscape Ecology, 2015

Context: Fauna distributions are assessed using discrete (binary and mosaic) or continuous concep... more Context: Fauna distributions are assessed using discrete (binary and mosaic) or continuous conceptualisations of the landscape. The value of the information derived from these analyses depends on the relevance of the landscape representation (or model) used to the landscape and fauna of interest. Discrete representations dominate analyses of landscape context in disturbed and regenerating landscapes; however within-patch variation suggests that continuous representations may help explain the distribution of fauna in such landscapes. Objectives: We tested the relevance of binary, mosaic, and continuous conceptualisations of landscape context to reptiles in regenerating dryland landscapes. Methods: For each of thirteen reptile groups, we compared the fit of models consisting of one landscape composition and one landscape heterogeneity variable for each of six landscape representations (2 x binary, 2 x mosaic, and 2 x continuous), at three buffer distances. We used Akaike weights to assess the relative support for each model. Maps were created from Landsat satellite images. Results: Reptiles varied in their response to landscape context; however, the binary landscape representation with classes 'intact/disturbed' was best supported overall. Species richness was best described by a binary landscape representation with classes 'wooded/clear', whereas reptile abundance was best described by a mosaic landscape representation with classes defined by vegetation type. Five out of ten reptile species responded strongly to a single landscape representation, with the most relevant representation and conceptualisation varying among species. Conclusions: Our findings support the use of multiple landscape conceptualisations and representations during analyses of landscape context for fauna in regenerating landscapes.

Modelling the formation of residual dune ridges behind barchan dunes in North‐east Brazil

Sedimentology, 2009

Residual dune ridges are often formed by vegetation growing along a line some distance upwind of ... more Residual dune ridges are often formed by vegetation growing along a line some distance upwind of the lower stoss slope of migrating dunes. This process is common in areas where vegetation germinates along the edge of the water during the rainy period when the water level is higher and interdune areas are flooded. The phenomenon occurs on a large scale in North‐east Brazil, because of the rise and fall in groundwater level at the end of the rainy season. Each residual dune ridge corresponds to the position of the dune during the wet period in each year. Therefore, variations in the distance between these residual dune ridges could be used potentially to monitor climatic fluctuations in rainfall and wind. To examine the potential use of these residual dune ridges for the reconstruction of past climatic fluctuations, a model that simulates them under varying conditions of wind, rainfall and evaporation rates was formulated. The model was tested for sensitivity to climatic variability i...

Topographic information of sand dunes as extracted from shading effects using Landsat images

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004

Topographic variations affect the reflectance properties of the Earth's surface and are often rem... more Topographic variations affect the reflectance properties of the Earth's surface and are often removed in remote sensing studies, especially when significant terrain variations exist. In this study, however, we show that shading effects assessed by Landsat can be treated as a signal that stores important topographic information, especially when the spectral characteristics of a surface are homogenous. The coastal transverse dunes of the Ashdod area, and the desert linear dunes of Nizzana (both located in Israel), were selected to investigate the abovementioned idea. The dune heights in these areas are 10 m on average (relative to their surroundings) and have maximum slopes of 33j. An innovative method for extracting slope, aspect, and height data for sand dunes using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images was developed, based on the regularity and periodicity of dunes' landscapes. Using two Landsat images representing different sun zenith and azimuth angles, reflectance values of each image were converted to cos(i) values (i = incident angle between the surface normal and the solar beam radiation), applying histogram matching methods. The slope and aspect of each pixel were determined as those that give the best prediction of the observed value of cos(i). Height profiles were then extracted, using simple trigonometric relationships. The accuracies of heights and slopes along selected profile lines were to the order of 1 m and 3j, respectively (at a spatial resolution of 15 m). Best results were obtained when the images included one from the summer and the other from the winter, corresponding to maximum difference in solar zenith and azimuth angles. Errors in heights were attributed to surface heterogeneity (e.g., presence of biogenic soil crusts in the rainy season), geometric correction errors, cast shadows, and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) effects. Comparison to Advanced Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) 3D information showed that the proposed method is better in representing the topographic variation of the area than the digital elevation model (DEM) produced by ASTER.

The effect of climate change on the mobility and stability of coastal sand dunes in Ceará State (NE Brazil)

Quaternary Research, 2009

The coast of Ceará State in NE Brazil is covered by vast fields of active and stabilized coastal ... more The coast of Ceará State in NE Brazil is covered by vast fields of active and stabilized coastal sand dunes. Its tropical climate is characterized by two seasons, wet and dry, with wind intensity determined by the meridional shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The wind power is negatively correlated with precipitation, and precipitation is negatively correlated with the difference between sea surface temperatures of the tropical Atlantic north and south of the equator. We present a model suggesting that during the Late Pleistocene wind power determined the mobility and stability of the dunes. Sand dunes accumulated during periods of high wind power (as it is today) and stabilized when wind power was low. Once the dunes were stabilized by vegetation they could not be activated even by increased wind power. Samples that were taken for luminescence dating from 25 stabilized dunes along the coasts of Ceará gave ages ranging from135 ka to < 100 yr. We postulate that these lum...

Spatiotemporal model for the progression of transgressive dunes

Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2013

• We have developed a model for the spatial dynamics of vegetation cover on sand. • The model pre... more • We have developed a model for the spatial dynamics of vegetation cover on sand. • The model predicts conditions for the growth and shrink of transgressive dunes. • We highlight the possibility of transient growth of a transgressive dune that eventually shrinks. • Transgressive dune propagation is a consequence of the difference in front velocities. • Changes in rainfall and wind power can change transgressive dune dynamics.

Landscape continuity analysis: A new approach to conservation planning in Israel

Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007

Landscape continuity is an important factor to consider while conducting evaluation of nature and... more Landscape continuity is an important factor to consider while conducting evaluation of nature and landscape sensitivity. The new method presented here for landscape continuity analysis offers a quantitative tool to compare alternative land use plans in order to maintain maximum landscape continuity of open areas. The approach can be applied at multiple spatial scales and adds an important layer for conservation planning. In contrast with the methodology of ecological networks this method does not assume any natural core areas. Rather, it assigns a continuity value to grid cells based on their distance from different types of built areas that are weighted according to their estimated impact. Two case studies from Israel are presented: (1) an analysis on a whole country scale, demonstrating how regions within Israel differ in landscape continuity, as well as examining how these results are influenced by the weights assigned to different built-up areas; (2) an analysis for the Ramot Menashe area. Here it is shown how this layer can be incorporated within conservation planning to (a) acknowledge the importance of open spaces matrix of agricultural, forested and natural areas and (b) quantitatively estimate the impact of the planned Cross-Israel Highway No. 6 on landscape continuity in the area.

The effect of wildfires on vegetation cover and dune activity in Australia's desert dunes: a multisensor analysis

International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2012

Most of Australia’s desert dune fields are stable; however, wildfires may reduce vegetation and b... more Most of Australia’s desert dune fields are stable; however, wildfires may reduce vegetation and biological soil crust cover so that sand movement may take place until vegetation recovers. In this study, we aimed to study the recovery rate of vegetation cover in spinifex (Triodia)-dominated desert dunes following wildfires using satellite imagery-derived spectral indices to: (1) determine for how long after fire these dunes may be active until critical levels of vegetation cover are attained; (2) determine which spectral index is the most suitable for monitoring vegetation recovery in this area. We have used a combination of MODIS, Landsat, Aster and QuickBird images to analyse vegetation cover following fire at various spatial and temporal scales, in the Great Victoria Desert, WA. The following spectral indices were compared: Brightness Index, Biological Soil Crust Index (BSCI), Crust Index, Enhanced Vegetation Index, Normalised Burn Ratio, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, So...

Accurate prediction of bird species richness patterns in an urban environment using Landsat‐derived NDVI and spectral unmixing

International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2008

Urban landscapes are expanding rapidly and are reshaping the distribution of many animal and plan... more Urban landscapes are expanding rapidly and are reshaping the distribution of many animal and plant species. With these changes, the need to understand and to include urban biodiversity patterns in research and management programmes is becoming vital. Recent studies have shown that remote sensing tools can be useful in studies examining biodiversity patterns in natural landscapes. The present study aimed to explore whether remote sensing tools can be applied in biodiversity research in an urban landscape. More specifically, the study examined whether the Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and linear spectral unmixing of urban land cover can predict bird richness in the city of Jerusalem. Bird richness was sampled in 40 1-ha sites over a range of urban environments in 329 surveys. NDVI and the per cent cover of built-up area were strongly and negatively correlated with each other, and were both very successful in explaining the number of bird species in the study sites. Mean NDVI in each site was positively correlated with the site bird species richness. A hump-shaped relationship between NDVI and species richness was observed (when calculated over increasing spatial scales), with a maximum value (Pearson's R50.87, p,0.001, n540) at a scale of 15 ha. We suggest that remote sensing approaches may provide planners and conservation biologists with an efficient and cost-effective method to study and estimate biodiversity across urban environments that range between densely built-up areas, residential neighbourhoods, urban parks and the peri-urban environment.

Quantitative mapping of the soil rubification process on sand dunes using an airborne hyperspectral sensor

Geoderma, 2006

Soil rubification is defined as a pedogenesis stage in which iron is released from primary minera... more Soil rubification is defined as a pedogenesis stage in which iron is released from primary minerals to form free iron oxides that coat quartz particles in soils with a thin reddish film. This study used an airborne hyperspectral sensor to spatially map soil rubification on the surface of coastal sand dunes in Israel. The area selected for this study is located south of the city of Ashdod, Israel, and is one of the last remaining coastal sand dune areas in the country. The study area occupied about 60 km 2 , and was covered by two flight lines of the CASI 48-channel sensor from an altitude of 2650 m, providing a pixel size of about 3 m. A traditional way to estimate rubification is to chemically measure the iron oxide concentration in the sand. The Dithionite Citrate Bicarbonate (DCB) method, which is a laboratory bwetQ-based procedure, was used to precisely measure the free iron oxide status of selected locations along the area. The soil reflectance properties of these samples were measured in the laboratory across the Visible and Near InfrarRed (VIS-NIR) region and was used with the DCB-Fe data to evaluate a spectral-based model for assessing the rubification extent solely from spectroscopy. After the CASI data were atmospherically, BRDF and geometrically corrected, they were run against the spectral model on a pixel-by-pixel basis, generating a rubification map from a far distance. Spectral validation of independent samples and field measurements of dune movement over 17 months showed that the map is reliable and significantly correlated with known stabilization processes throughout the area (the overall accuracy estimated as 78%). It was concluded that soil spectroscopy, either from field or air, enables the detection of small changes in the Fe absorption feature across the VIS region that provides information regarding the iron oxide minerals and content. This supports the utilization of a sensitive airborne hyperspectral sensor to rapidly and quantitatively evaluate spatial information concerning important pedogenic processes.

Revealing spatial pattern dynamics in aquatic ecosystem modelling with Multi-Agent Systems in Lake Veluwe

Ecological Informatics, 2010

Aquatic ecosystems are among the most complex due to the highly nonlinearity, randomness, as well... more Aquatic ecosystems are among the most complex due to the highly nonlinearity, randomness, as well as interactive multi-processes in multi-scales. Besides, highly limited understanding and very limited measurement data make the modelling of such kind of systems a very challenging task, which needs to combine domain knowledge, available data and other models. The concept of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) in modelling