Muhammad Ali

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Isolation and characterization of two new hepatitis E virus genotype 1 strains from two mini-outbreaks in Lahore, Pakistan

Virology Journal, 2011

Background Pakistan is a highly endemic area for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. The aim of th... more Background Pakistan is a highly endemic area for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. The aim of the current study was to isolate and characterize strains of HEV in two mini outbreaks. Results RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed to cDNA. Nested PCR was done for the detection of HEV RNA. The positive bands were eluted, cloned in TA vector and sequenced in both directions using genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystem Inc, USA). Phylogenetic analysis was done using MEGA4 software. We isolated two new HEV genotype-1 strains from Lahore, Pakistan, based on cloning and sequencing of ORF2 region. Conclusions Our study suggest that both the human HEV strains were closely related to the Sar-55 but different from the Abb-2B and 87-Pakistan-B HEV isolates sharing 88-91% sequence identity to Pakistani isolate Sar-55. These results indicated that Sar-55 is the main endemic HEV strain in various areas of the country.

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Positional effect of phosphorylation sites 266 and 267 in the cytoplasmic domain of the E2 protein of hepatitis C virus 3a genotype: Interferon Resistance analysis via Sequence Alignment

Virology Journal, 2011

BackgroundInterferon is well thought-out as the key defence against all infections including HCV.... more BackgroundInterferon is well thought-out as the key defence against all infections including HCV. The only treatment for HCV infection is pegylated interferon alpha (IFN-α) but unluckily more than half of the infected individuals do not act in response to the cure and become chronic HCV carriers. The mechanism how HCV induce interferon resistance is still elusive. It is recently reported that HCV envelope protein 2 interacts with PKR which is the interferon-inducible protein kinase and which in turn blocks the activity of its target molecule called eukaryotic initiation factor elF2. Sequence analysis of Envelope protein reveals it contains a domain homologous to phosphorylation sites of PKR andthe translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Envelope protein competes for phosphorylation with PKR. Inhibition of kinase activity of PKR is postulated as a mechanism of to interferon (IFN) resistance.ResultsPresent study involves the insilico investigation of possible role of potential phosph...

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Synthesis of 5-Substituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2(3H)-Thiones Under Microwave Irradiation

Letters in Organic Chemistry, 2006

1H.EJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences, University of ... more

Identification of potent urease inhibitors via ligand- and structure-based virtual screening and in vitro assays

Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 2010

aerogenes urease (KAU) has three subunits (a, b and g) with 101, 106, and 506 residues, respectiv... more aerogenes urease (KAU) has three subunits (a, b and g) with 101, 106, and 506 residues, respectively [11]. The abg fragments of KAU are highly homologous to the single subunit of JBU. The structure of Bacillus pasteurii urease (BPU) reveals an analogous abg quaternary structure and a similar active site geometry [12]. Computer-assisted techniques have emerged as important tools in the search for new leads [13]. In the present study, we applied a combined ligand-and target-based drug design approach, which finally enabled us to identify a novel class (2-aminothiophenes) of urease inhibitors. Two of these inhibitors were found to be more active than the standard, acetohydroxamic acid. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Pharmacophore generation Pharmacophore modeling was performed by GASP, implemented in SYBYL 6.9 [14], using default parameters. GASP employs a genetic algorithm for the determination of relationships between functional groups in the superimposed ligands and the alignment

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Synthesis of bis-Schiff bases of isatins and their antiglycation activity

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2009

Bis-Schiff bases 1-27 have been synthesized and their in vitro antiglycation potential has been e... more Bis-Schiff bases 1-27 have been synthesized and their in vitro antiglycation potential has been evaluated. Compounds 21 (IC(50)=243.95+/-4.59microM), 20 (IC(50)=257.61+/-5.63microM), and 7 (IC(50)=291.14+/-2.53microM) showed an excellent antiglycation activity better than the standard (rutin, IC(50)=294.46+/-1.50microM). This study has identified a series of potential molecules as antiglycation agents. A structure-activity relationship has been studied, and all the compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques.

Dracorhodin perchlorate inhibits PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activation, up-regulates the expression of p53, and enhances apoptosis

Apoptosis, 2012

ABSTRACT Dracorhodin perchlorate has been recently shown to induce apoptotic cell death in cancer... more ABSTRACT Dracorhodin perchlorate has been recently shown to induce apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown in human gastric tumor cells. In this study, effects of Dracorhodin perchlorate on cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis were investigated in SGC-7901 cells. The results showed that Dracorhodin perchlorate induced cellular and DNA morphological changes and decreased the viability of SGC-7901 cells. Dracorhodin perchlorate-mediated cell cycle arrest was associated with a marked decrease in protein levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma and E2F1. Dracorhodin perchlorate-induced apoptosis is mediated via upregulation of p53, inhibiting the activation of PI3K-Akt, and NF-κB, thereby decreasing the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Interestingly, we also found that Dracorhodin perchlorate significantly suppressed the IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of Akt in the stably expressing EGFP-Akt recombinant CHO-hIR cells and inhibited TNF-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in the NF-κBp65-EGFP recombinant U2OS cells, indicating that inhibition of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB may provide a molecular basis for the ability of Dracorhodin perchlorate to induce apoptosis. Dracorhodin perchlorate induced up-regulation of p53, thereby resulting in the activation of its downstream targets p21 and Bax following the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-3 and its substrate, PARP. Moreover, Dracorhodin perchlorate dramatically enhanced the wortmannin- and TNF-induced apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells. These results reveal functional interplay among the PI3K/AKT, p53 and NF-κB pathways that are frequently deregulated in cancer and suggest that their simultaneous targeting by Dracorhodin perchlorate could result in efficacious and selective killing of cancer cells.

Analysing Vehicular Congestion Scenario in Kuala Lumpur Using Open Traffic

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018

Traffic congestion on the roads is mainly the result of overcrowding and this phenomenon happens ... more Traffic congestion on the roads is mainly the result of overcrowding and this phenomenon happens when a great number of vehicles storm the road, resulting in the disruption of the smooth traffic flow. This greatly affects the daily routines of the people. Not to mention the time that is wasted while a person feels stranded in such situation and it results in the loss of productivity, also deteriorates the societal behavior to a certain extent and have adverse effects on the economy. The natural calamities add to the miseries. It becomes very difficult to manage the traffic flow in situations when there are flash floods or other accidents. Therefore the trend of the traffic seems very unpredictable. The real-time information and the past data are deemed as the significant inputs for the predictive analysis. Modern day researchers perform the predictive analysis using the simulations as it does not seems to have any accurate and exact predictive model, mainly because of the higher ...

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