Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are the recommended techniques towards solving three ma... more Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are the recommended techniques towards solving three major problems in Malaysia which are flash flood, water scarcity and water pollution. Practically, most of our stormwater runoff especially in urban areas is catered by conventional drainage systems that carry runoff to the downstream by rapid disposal concept. In order to manage these three major problems, SUDS provide long term solutions to urban drainage management. Sustainable drainage is a concept that includes long term environmental and social factors in decisions about drainage. It takes account of the quantity and quality of runoff, and the amenity value of surface water in the urban environment. With the particular design and right combination of SUDS techniques, the systems will operate holistically. From the aspect of quantity control, these integrated designs become as a runoff controller and flood protector by attenuation of runoff flow by implementing for example grass swale, dry detention basins, ponds and etc. Besides, it also increases infiltration and indirectly contributes to conservation of groundwater resources. From the aspect of quality, with a treatment train, it will minimize the amount of pollution entering the downstream waterways. The SUDS systems will allows sedimentation, pollutant removal, and purification process which occur in the grass swale, bio-filtration basins, ponds, wetlands and etc. Finally, for the amenity aspect, the systems will blend the landscapes and surrounding areas to be more relax, rejuvenate, leisure and environmentally friendly. In Malaysia condition, the implementation of the system is still in an early stage and we need to change our conventional thinking to balance the impact of urban drainage on flood control, quality management (pollution prevention) and amenity. Sustainable urban drainage provides a solution to this problem. Sustainable urban drainage systems offer control at source solution and we need to be conscious that the systems do not only solve the flash flood and water scarcity problems but also our water pollution problems. By implementing SUDS, Malaysia can avoid flash flood, water shortage (rainwater reuse) and water pollution in the near future. This paper will describe Malaysian experience in handling the pilot project based on Malaysian manual known as Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MSMA) which is effective on 2001. This manual has been launched by Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, which is responsible for water resources in Malaysia. Basically the manual comprises all the Best Management Practices (BMPs) and SUDS techniques based on Malaysian condition. The construction of Bio-Ecological Drainage Systems (BIOECODS) at Engineering Campus, University Sains Malaysia (USM) as a pilot project for Malaysia, which is one of the research collaboration between DID and USM was completed end of the year 2002. BIOECODS offers an exemplary model for urban stormwater management under tropical climates. BIOECODS (Figure 1) consists of three components namely ecological swales (Type A, Type B and Type C) (Figure 2), biofiltration storage (Dryponds), and Ecological ponds (Wetpond, Detention Pond, Constructed Wetland, Wading River and Recreational Pond) (Figure 3). Investigation of BIOECODS capability in order to manage stormwater runoff in the 320 acres catchments areas of the Engineering Campus has been conducted since the year 2003. This paper discusses the performance of BIOECODS recorded based on the latest data collected (Figure 4, Table 1, Table 2). On quantity and quality aspect, it has been proven that the systems can minimize changes to the hydrological characteristics of a catchments area, prevent the pollution from contaminating stormwater and promote the amenity value at USM Engineering Campus by natural mechanism such as infiltration, flow retardation, storage and purification before discharging stormwater to the downstream end which is Sungai Kerian. The results of the study indicate that BIOECODS can be a viable method for the water quantity and quality treatment of site runoff (
The urban stormwater management in Malaysia has shifted from rapid disposal approach to control a... more The urban stormwater management in Malaysia has shifted from rapid disposal approach to control at source concept. The Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) is planned, designed and constructed at Engineering Campus USM employs control at source approach uses for water quantity and quality controls. This is an environmentally friendly drainage system which is based on the infiltration engineering, storage and flow retardation principles to attenuate the post-development hydrograph and treat the stormwater. Constructed wetland is one of the components of Bio-Ecological Drainage system which is used for stormwater treatment. The stormwater is conveyed into the constructed wetland via bio-ecological swale for treatment in term of biological, chemical and physical aspects before the water flow into recreational pond. Essential design features and suitable plant species are required for the construction of wetland that can be used to improve the water quality. The constructed wetland is primarily design for stormwater treatment, provision of habitat, aesthetics amenity, campus recreation area and a wetland research center.
High annual rainfall in Malaysia does not solve water scarcity problems especially in urban area ... more High annual rainfall in Malaysia does not solve water scarcity problems especially in urban area particularly in Sg. Langat Basin. It’s due to the increases of socio-economic activities in the surrounding area and consequently, Sungai Langat water quality especially in the downstream area become deteriorate. An integrative computational methodology is developed for the management of nonpoint source pollution from catchments. The associated decision support system is based on an interface such as GIS and a comprehensive catchments simulation model such as AVSWAT-X which is formerly known as SWAT. For Sungai Langat Catchment’s study, the project model was developed using AVSWAT-X to predict daily stream flow and suspended sediments (SS) in the study area. Historical data for years 1997, 2001 and 2003 is used for comparison with simulated results from the model. The results reviewed that the calibrated model is able to simulate the flow and SS for the river basin successfully.
High annual rainfall in Malaysia does not solve water scarcity problems especially in urban area ... more High annual rainfall in Malaysia does not solve water scarcity problems especially in urban area particularly in Sg. Langat Basin. It’s due to the increases of socio-economic activities in the surrounding area and consequently, Sungai Langat water quality especially in the downstream area become deteriorate. An integrative computational methodology is developed for the management of nonpoint source pollution from catchments. The associated decision support system is based on an interface such as GIS and a comprehensive catchments simulation model such as AVSWAT-X which is formerly known as SWAT. For Sungai Langat Catchment’s study, the project model was developed using AVSWAT-X to predict daily stream flow and suspended sediments (SS) in the study area. Historical data for years 1997, 2001 and 2003 is used for comparison with simulated results from the model. The results reviewed that the calibrated model is able to simulate the flow and SS for the river basin successfully.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2010
The Bio-ecological Drainage System, or BIOECODS, is an urban drainage system located at the Engin... more The Bio-ecological Drainage System, or BIOECODS, is an urban drainage system located at the Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia. It consists of a constructed wetland as a part of the urban drainage system to carry storm water in a closed system. In this closed system, the constructed wetland was designed particularly for further treatment of storm water. For the purpose of studying the water balance of the constructed wetland, data collection was carried out for two years (2007 and 2009). The results show that the constructed wetland has a consistent volume of water storage compared to the outflow for both years with correlation coefficients (R(2)) of 0.99 in 2007 and 0.86 in 2009.
Perai has experienced a high growth rate in population due to the rapid increase of commercial an... more Perai has experienced a high growth rate in population due to the rapid increase of commercial and industrial activities. Due to its attractive setting, the population of the study area increases year by year. Rising standards of living and increase of industries have caused and will continue to cause an increasing rate of consumption of water with the attendant increased burden of waste discharges to the natural waterways and sea. In 1978, wastewater discharge in Seberang Perai Tengah is estimated approximately 110,000 cu m/day. Public interest has become more concerned on the need for clean water bodies to satisfy the need for devel- oped industrial area with better drainage and wastewater treatment system for living condition and to con- serve the natural qualities of the environment.
The urban stormwater management in Malaysia has shifted from rapid disposal approach to control a... more The urban stormwater management in Malaysia has shifted from rapid disposal approach to control at source concept. The Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) is planned, designed and constructed at Engineering Campus USM employs control at source approach uses for water quantity and quality controls. This is an environmentally friendly drainage system which is based on the infiltration engineering, storage and flow retardation principles to attenuate the post-development hydrograph and treat the stormwater. Constructed wetland is one of the components of Bio-Ecological Drainage system which is used for stormwater treatment. The stormwater is conveyed into the constructed wetland via bio-ecological swale for treatment in term of biological, chemical and physical aspects before the water flow into recreational pond. Essential design features and suitable plant species are required for the construction of wetland that can be used to improve the water quality. The constructed wetland...
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are the recommended techniques towards solving three ma... more Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are the recommended techniques towards solving three major problems in Malaysia which are flash flood, water scarcity and water pollution. Practically, most of our stormwater runoff especially in urban areas is catered by conventional drainage systems that carry runoff to the downstream by rapid disposal concept. In order to manage these three major problems, SUDS provide long term solutions to urban drainage management. Sustainable drainage is a concept that includes long term environmental and social factors in decisions about drainage. It takes account of the quantity and quality of runoff, and the amenity value of surface water in the urban environment. With the particular design and right combination of SUDS techniques, the systems will operate holistically. From the aspect of quantity control, these integrated designs become as a runoff controller and flood protector by attenuation of runoff flow by implementing for example grass swale, dry detention basins, ponds and etc. Besides, it also increases infiltration and indirectly contributes to conservation of groundwater resources. From the aspect of quality, with a treatment train, it will minimize the amount of pollution entering the downstream waterways. The SUDS systems will allows sedimentation, pollutant removal, and purification process which occur in the grass swale, bio-filtration basins, ponds, wetlands and etc. Finally, for the amenity aspect, the systems will blend the landscapes and surrounding areas to be more relax, rejuvenate, leisure and environmentally friendly. In Malaysia condition, the implementation of the system is still in an early stage and we need to change our conventional thinking to balance the impact of urban drainage on flood control, quality management (pollution prevention) and amenity. Sustainable urban drainage provides a solution to this problem. Sustainable urban drainage systems offer control at source solution and we need to be conscious that the systems do not only solve the flash flood and water scarcity problems but also our water pollution problems. By implementing SUDS, Malaysia can avoid flash flood, water shortage (rainwater reuse) and water pollution in the near future. This paper will describe Malaysian experience in handling the pilot project based on Malaysian manual known as Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MSMA) which is effective on 2001. This manual has been launched by Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, which is responsible for water resources in Malaysia. Basically the manual comprises all the Best Management Practices (BMPs) and SUDS techniques based on Malaysian condition. The construction of Bio-Ecological Drainage Systems (BIOECODS) at Engineering Campus, University Sains Malaysia (USM) as a pilot project for Malaysia, which is one of the research collaboration between DID and USM was completed end of the year 2002. BIOECODS offers an exemplary model for urban stormwater management under tropical climates. BIOECODS (Figure 1) consists of three components namely ecological swales (Type A, Type B and Type C) (Figure 2), biofiltration storage (Dryponds), and Ecological ponds (Wetpond, Detention Pond, Constructed Wetland, Wading River and Recreational Pond) (Figure 3). Investigation of BIOECODS capability in order to manage stormwater runoff in the 320 acres catchments areas of the Engineering Campus has been conducted since the year 2003. This paper discusses the performance of BIOECODS recorded based on the latest data collected (Figure 4, Table 1, Table 2). On quantity and quality aspect, it has been proven that the systems can minimize changes to the hydrological characteristics of a catchments area, prevent the pollution from contaminating stormwater and promote the amenity value at USM Engineering Campus by natural mechanism such as infiltration, flow retardation, storage and purification before discharging stormwater to the downstream end which is Sungai Kerian. The results of the study indicate that BIOECODS can be a viable method for the water quantity and quality treatment of site runoff (
The treatment of stormwater as it flows through a Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) is th... more The treatment of stormwater as it flows through a Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) is the result of a complex interaction between the physical, chemical and biological processes that occur within the system. A stormwater quality monitoring programme at BIOECODS is being carried out by grab sampling method for the period of April-November 2003. Samples of stormwater are taken from ten stations along ecological swales and eight stations along ecological pond. The ecological pond (wet pond, detention pond, constructed wetland, wading river and recreational pond) which is placed downstream acting as a facility to control the storm water quantity and storm water treatment device before storm water flows into Kerian River. The ecological pond system is strategically placed at the downstream end of the BIOECODS to optimize and effectively attenuate and treat storm water runoff generated from the USM Engineering Campus development area.
The treatment of stormwater as it flows through a Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) is th... more The treatment of stormwater as it flows through a Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) is the result of a complex interaction between the physical, chemical and biological processes that occur within the system. A stormwater quality monitoring programme at BIOECODS is being carried out by grab sampling method for the period of April-November 2003. Samples of stormwater are taken from ten stations along ecological swales and eight stations along ecological pond. The ecological pond (wet pond, detention pond, constructed wetland, wading river and recreational pond) which is placed downstream acting as a facility to control the storm water quantity and storm water treatment device before storm water flows into Kerian River. The ecological pond system is strategically placed at the downstream end of the BIOECODS to optimize and effectively attenuate and treat storm water runoff generated from the USM Engineering Campus development area.
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