Kailash Prasad

Followers

Following

Public Views

Interests

Uploads

Papers by Kailash Prasad

Increased chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from patients with progressive systemic sclerosis

Clinical Science, 1986

1. Chemiluminescence (CL) of whole blood and isolated polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) from pat... more 1. Chemiluminescence (CL) of whole blood and isolated polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) from patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) and from age and sex matched controls was measured. CL was induced by the addition of particles (zymosan, latex beads), or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or chemotactic peptide (FMLP). 2. Whole blood CL (induced by PMA, zymosan or latex particles) was significantly greater in SS patients than in normal controls. 3. Isolated PMN CL (induced by PMA, FMLP or latex particles) was also significantly greater in the SS patients compared with controls. 4. Increased CL or PMN from patients with SS was mainly observed when luminol was used as amplifier (which detects hydrogen peroxide formation). In most cases, lucigenin-amplified CL of PMN from patients with SS (which detects the primary superoxide anion radical formation) did not differ from the controls. 5. Sera from patients with SS significantly increased both spontaneous and induced CL of normal PMN. 6. En...

Download

Current Status of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease

International Journal of Angiology, Aug 25, 2021

Fifty percent of all death from cardiovascular diseases is due to coronary artery disease (CAD). ... more Fifty percent of all death from cardiovascular diseases is due to coronary artery disease (CAD). This is avoidable if early identification is made. Preventive health care has a major role in the fight against CAD. Atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic plaque rupture are involved in the development of CAD. Modifiable risk factors for CAD are dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, chronic renal disease, chronic infection, high C-reactive protein, and hyperhomocysteinemia. CAD can be prevented by modification of risk factors. This paper defines the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of CAD. It discusses the mechanism of risk factor–induced atherosclerosis. This paper describes the CAD risk score and its use in the selection of individuals for primary prevention of CAD. Guidelines for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of CAD have been described. Modification of risk factors and use of guidelines for prevention of CAD would prevent, regress, and slow down the progression of CAD, improve the quality of life of patient, and reduce the health care cost.

Download

Mechanism of Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Atherosclerosis

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Hypercholesterolemia is involved in the development of atherosclerosis and is a risk factor for c... more Hypercholesterolemia is involved in the development of atherosclerosis and is a risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. This paper deals with the mechanism of development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia increases the formation of numerous atherogenic biomolecules including reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and numerous growth factors [insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor-1 (PDGF-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)]. ROS mildly oxidizes low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) to form minimally modified LDL (MM-LDL) which is further oxidized to form oxidized LDL (OX-LDL). Hypercholesterolemia also activates nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB). The above atherogenic biomolecules are involved in the development of atherosclerosis which has been described in detail. Hypercholesterolemia also assists in the development of atherosclerosis through AGE (advanced glycation end-products)-RAGE (receptor for AGE) axis and C-reactive protein (CRP). Hypercholesterolemia is associated with increases in AGE, oxidative stress [AGE/sRAGE (soluble receptor for AGE)] and C-reactive protein, and decreases in the sRAGE, which are known to be implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, hypercholesterolemia induces atherosclerosis through increases in atherogenic biomolecules, AGE-RAGE axis and CRP.

Download

The Management of Peripheral Vascular Aneurysms: Present and Future Options

International Journal of Angiology, 2019

This thematic issue of International Journal of Angiology presents an update on the management of... more This thematic issue of International Journal of Angiology presents an update on the management of peripheral vascular aneurysms. The objectives of this issue are to discuss the recent developments in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of peripheral vascular aneurysms. This review will be of benefit to surgeon, health care professionals, and patients. Drs. Tanner I. Kim and Bauer Sumpio focus on the management of asymptomatic popliteal artery aneurysms (PAA). Popliteal artery aneurysms are the most common peripheral artery aneurysm. They are frequently symptomatic and are associated with high morbidity and limb loss. Asymptomatic PAAs have the likelihood of becoming symptomatic with rates of 70% within 5 years. The management of PAAs include open and endovascular approaches. Endovascular intervention has led to an increase in stent graft replacement for PAAs and challenged the open repair approach. Presently open surgical repair is the preferred choice for repair of asymptomatic PAAs, provided there is venous conduit available in younger active patients without significant comorbidities. Endovascular repair is appropriate for patients with good venous conduit, or in older patients with several comorbidities. They suggest a randomized controlled trial with longterm follow-up is needed to identify patients who would benefit most from either treatment option. Drs. Maen Aboul Hosn and John D. Corson et al present in depth, the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis and management of visceral artery aneurysms, including celiac artery, hepatic artery, splenic artery, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, pancreatic duodenal artery, and gastroduodenal artery aneurysms.

Download

Prevention of Hypercholesterolemic Atherosclerosis by Garlic, an Antioxidant

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1997

Background: Investigations of the effects of high cholesterol diet in the presence and absence of... more Background: Investigations of the effects of high cholesterol diet in the presence and absence of garlic on the genesis of atherosclerosis, the blood lipid profile, aortic tissue lipid peroxida tion product malondialdehyde, chemiluminescence, a marker for antioxidant reserve and activ ity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were made in rabbits. Methods and Results: Four groups of 10 rabbits each were studied: group 1 was given regu lar rabbit chow, group 2 was given rabbit chow diet supplemented with garlic powder (300 mg twice daily orally), group 3 was given 1% cholesterol diet, group 4 was given 1% cholesterol diet supplemented with garlic powder (300 mg twice daily orally). Blood concentration of triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured before and after 4 and 10 weeks of experimental diets. The aorta was rem...

AGEs/sRAGE, a novel risk factor in the pathogenesis of end-stage renal disease

Molecular and cellular biochemistry, Jan 6, 2016

Interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with its cell-bound receptor (RAGE) results... more Interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with its cell-bound receptor (RAGE) results in cell dysfunction through activation of nuclear factor kappa-B, increase in expression and release of inflammatory cytokines, and generation of oxygen radicals. Circulating soluble receptors, soluble receptor (sRAGE), endogenous secretory receptor (esRAGE) and cleaved receptor (cRGAE) act as decoy for RAGE ligands and thus have cytoprotective effects. Low levels of sRAGE and esRAGE have been proposed as biomarkers for many diseases. However sRAGE and esRAGE levels are elevated in diabetes and chronic renal diseases and still tissue injury occurs. It is possible that increases in levels of AGEs are greater than increases in the levels of soluble receptors in these two diseases. Some new parameters have to be used which could be an universal biomarkers for cell dysfunction. It is hypothesized that increases in serum levels of AGEs are greater than the increases in the soluble receptors,...

Download

Reactive Oxygen Species and Endotoxic Shock: Effect of Dimethylthiourea

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2001

The effects of endotoxemia on the cardiac function and contractility, oxygen radical production b... more The effects of endotoxemia on the cardiac function and contractility, oxygen radical production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL-CL), cardiac antioxidant reserve (LV-CL), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase, glutathione peroxidase [GSHPx]) and malondialdehyde (MDA); and plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate in the absence or presence of dimethylthiourea (DMTU), an antioxidant, in anesthetized dogs were studied. Dogs were assigned to three groups: group 1, control; group II, endotoxin (ET) (5 mg/kg body wt intravenously), and group III, ET + DMTU (500 mg/kg intravenously). ET produced decreases in the cardiac function and contractility, antioxidant reserve, antioxidant enzymes; and increases in PMNL-CL, cardiac MDA, plasma CK, and lactate. Pretreatment with DMTU attenuated the ET-induced cardiac dysfunction and changes in the cardiac MDA, antioxidant reserve, and antioxidant enzymes, PMNL-CL, and plasma CK and lactate levels. These results suggest that re...

Mechanism of superoxide anion-induced modulation of vascular tone

International Journal of Angiology, 2002

We investigated the effects of superoxide anions (O2−) generated by xanthine (X) plus xanthine ox... more We investigated the effects of superoxide anions (O2−) generated by xanthine (X) plus xanthine oxidase (XO) on isolated rabbit aorta suspended in Krebs-Ringer solution. Xanthine plus xanthine oxidase produced concentration-dependent contractions of rabbit aorta. Superoxide dismutase completely reversed the contractile response observed. Superoxide anion-induced contraction of rabbit aorta was totally abolished in preparations denuded of endothelium. The contractile effect was

Role of oxyradicals in the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock

International Journal of Angiology, 2011

Oxyradicals have been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. This review describ... more Oxyradicals have been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. This review describes the role of oxyradicals in cardiovascular depression and cellular injury during hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion. Clinical classification of shock has been provided. Physiological basis of signs and symptoms of hemorrhagic shock has been tabled. This review provides data that the cardiac function and contractility are depressed during shock and reinfusion. The cardiac depression is associated with increases in the lipid peroxidation product malodialdehyde (MDA), in the oxygen radical producing activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and the activity of plasma creatine kinase and CKMB. Also the antioxidant reserve is depressed in the myocardium. Antioxidant enzyme activity is affected adversely. Pretreatment with antioxidants retards the cardiac depression and reduces oxidative stress. In this respect polymorphonuclear leukocytes play a role in the cardiac depression in hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion. The increase in the vascular resistance appears to be associated with oxidative stress. The data to-date suggest that oxyradicals play a role in the cardiac depression and cellular injury during hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion and that the antioxidant treatment may be beneficial in hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion.

Oxyradicals and Hypercholesterolemic Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Diabetes, 2003

The data presented in this short review suggest that the oxidative stress is elevated in hypercho... more The data presented in this short review suggest that the oxidative stress is elevated in hypercholesterolemia and that the oxidative stress induces the development of atheroscle-rosis. The data also suggest that protective effect of various antioxidants is due to a decrease in the oxidative stress. The review supports the hypothesis that hypercholesterolemic athero-sclerosis is mediated through oxidative stress.

Pulmonary vascular effects of endotoxin in canine lobes pretreated with dapsone

Circulatory shock, 1994

Endotoxin results in a granulocyte mediated loss of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Dap... more Endotoxin results in a granulocyte mediated loss of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Dapsone blocks the granulocyte respiratory burst and might, therefore, preserve HPV following endotoxin. Isolated-perfused canine lobes (n = 6) were pretreated with 18 mg/kg dapsone (dapsone group), and compared to six lobes which did not receive dapsone (control group). Total pulmonary vascular resistance (Rtot) and arterial, middle (Rm), and venous segmental resistances were calculated by a vascular occlusion technique. We then administered endotoxin (2 mg/kg) and repeated measurements at 5, 30, and 90 min. The increase in Rm during 3% O2 compared to 35% O2 ventilation was used to define the presence of HPV. In the control group, following endotoxin, values of Rm did not change (P > 0.05) during 3% O2 ventilation (0.011 +/- 0.006 cm H2O/ml/min) compared with 35% O2 ventilation (0.014 +/- 0.005 cm H2O/ml/min). In the dapsone group, following endotoxin, values of Rm increased (P < 0.0...

Morphologic effects of dietary plant and animal lipids rich in docosenoic acids on heart and skeletal muscle of cynomolgus monkeys

The American journal of pathology, 1978

Cynomolgi (Macaca fascicularis) were fed diets containing 25% rapeseed oil (RSO), partially hydro... more Cynomolgi (Macaca fascicularis) were fed diets containing 25% rapeseed oil (RSO), partially hydrogenated herring oil (PHHO), or a 3:1 mixture of lard and corn oil as control for 4 months. The RSO contained approximately 25% of the fatty acids as erucic acid; the PHHO contained a similar concentration of mainly cetoleic acid. The control diet did not include such fatty acids. At the time of necropsy, the RSO- and PHHO-fed monkeys showed myocardial and skeletal muscle lipidosis. Foci of mononuclear cell infiltration, although infrequent, occurred in all three groups and were thought to be nonspecific. The only significant intergroup difference in serum biochemical or hematologic parameters was an increase in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity in both RSO and PHHO groups. Ultrastructural studies confirmed the presence of lipidosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle and revealed mild mitochondrial degeneration, causing a depression of the P/O ratio of the RSO group and a State...

Download

Suppression of oxidative stress as a mechanism of reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by aspirin

Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics, 2003

Hypercholesterolemia increases the formation of arachidonic acid and thereby synthesis of prostag... more Hypercholesterolemia increases the formation of arachidonic acid and thereby synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. During synthesis of these eicosanoids, oxyradicals are produced. Oxyradicals have been implicated in the development of hypercholes-terolemic atherosclerosis. Aspirin, an inhibitor of synthesis of prostaglandins, would prevent the generation of oxyradicals and hence would prevent the development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of the investigation was to determine if aspirin attenuates the development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis, and if this attenuation is associated with a decrease in the oxidative stress. Three groups of rabbits were used for this study: Group I, control; Group II, 0.5% cholesterol; Group III, 0.5% cholesterol plus 0.068% aspirin. Blood samples were collected before and after 1 and 2 months of experimental diets for measurement of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein ...

Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits

Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics, 2003

Flaxseed oil has very high content of alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3, omega-3 [n-3] fatty acid). ... more Flaxseed oil has very high content of alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3, omega-3 [n-3] fatty acid). Based on the usefulness of n-3 fatty acid in fish oil against cardiovascular diseases, flaxseed oil is marketed as a health food. The n-3 fatty acid in flaxseed oil is different than that of fish oil. Indirect evidence suggests that the omega-3 fatty acid in flaxseed oil is not effective in lowering serum lipids and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. The effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis are not known. An investigation, therefore, was made of flaxseed oil on high-cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerosis, serum lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, risk ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), serum and aortic malondialdehyde, an index of levels of reactive oxygen species, aortic chemiluminescence (a measure of antioxidant reserve), a...

Role of oxyradicals in cardiovascular depression and cellular injury in hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion: Effect of SOD and catalase

Resuscitation, 1995

We investigated the effects of hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion on the cardiac function and contr... more We investigated the effects of hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion on the cardiac function and contractility, plasma CK and CK-MB activity and lactate concentration, oxyradical-producing activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL-CL), cardiac chemiluminescence (LV-CL), antioxidant enzymatic activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)], and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in anesthetized dogs, to determine the role of oxyradicals in cardiac depression and cellular injury in hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion. The dogs were assigned to four groups: group I (sham), 4 hrs duration; group II, 4 hr of shock; group III, 2 hr of shock, followed by reinfusion for 2 hr; and group IV, as in group III, but pretreated with SOD and catalase. Hemorrhagic shock was produced by withdrawing blood to maintain the mean arterial pressure at 50 +/- 5 mm Hg. Cardiac function and contractility were depressed during hemorrhagic shock. Plasma CK; CK-MB and lactate; and cardiac MDA, Mn-SOD, and CuZn-SOD increased, while catalase activity decreased during shock. Following reinfusion after 2 hr of shock, hemodynamic parameters and plasma lactate tended to return toward control values. Plasma CK and CK-MB, PMNL-CL and cardiac MDA, total SOD, Mn- and CuZn-SOD increased further, while LV-CL and GSH-Px decreased. In spite of the increased antioxidant reserve, oxidative damage was noted. Pretreatment with SOD and catalase attenuated the deleterious effects of shock and reinfusion on the cardiovascular function, plasma CK, CK-MB, and lactate, PMNL-CL, cardiac MDA and SOD, and LV-CL. Protection was incomplete for cardiovascular function and plasma CK and CK-MB. These results suggest that oxyradicals (O2-, H2O2) may be partly involved in the deterioration of cardiovascular function and cellular injury during hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion.

Oxygen-derived free radicals producing activity and survival of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 1991

Activation of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes is known to generate oxygen free radicals (OFR).... more Activation of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes is known to generate oxygen free radicals (OFR). However the fate of activated PMN leukocytes is not known. We investigated the OFR producing (chemiluminescence) activity and the survival of the activated PMN leukocytes. The study was divided into two groups. Group I, In vivo study (n = 7): zymosan (8.4 mg/kg) was administered intravenously in the anesthetized dogs and the blood samples were collected before and after 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min of zymosan administration. This group represents the in vivo pre-stimulated PMN leukocytes; Group II, In vitro study (n = 7): the blood were collected from dogs and further divided into two groups. Group A (n = 7): non-stimulated, without any added zymosan and group B (n = 7): zymosan was added to stimulate PMN leukocytes. Blood samples from group A and B were also collected at various time intervals similar to in vivo studies. Oxygen free radical producing activity of PMN leukocytes was monitored by measuring luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL). Opsonized zymosan was used to activate PMN leukocytes. The studies in which the PMN leukocytes were stimulated in in vivo, both oxygen derived free radicals and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitable oxygen free radical CL decreased significantly for 60 min and tended to reach thereafter to the pre-stimulated values. The resting chemiluminescence (chemiluminescence without zymosan stimulation in the assay medium) increased significantly for 15 min reaching to pre-stimulated values at 30 min and thereafter. In in vitro studies, oxygen derived free radicals CL of pre-stimulated PMN leukocytes (Group B) was depressed for the whole duration of investigation while SOD inhibitable CL was depressed for only 60 min. There was approximately a two-fold increase in the resting CL within 5 min of PMN leukocyte activation and it remained high for the whole duration of study. The chemiluminescence of non-stimulated PMN leukocytes in vitro (group A) remained practically normal throughout the period of observation. In in vivo studies, total white blood cells (WBC) and PMN leukocyte counts decreased initially and tended to approach towards pre-stimulated values at the end of the protocol. There were no changes in these counts in in vitro studies. These results indicate that the capacity to generate OFR is decreased in the in vivo and in vitro pre-stimulated PMN leukocytes. However this activity recovers with time. This study also suggests that the activated PMN leukocytes are not destroyed.

Muscle hypertrophy in chronic polymyositis

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 1985

Download

Hyperhomocysteinemia and Venous Thrombosis

The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 2002

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leads to venous ulcers in later life. Venous ulcers are the majority o... more Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leads to venous ulcers in later life. Venous ulcers are the majority of chronic lower extremity wounds. Recent evidence suggests that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for venous thrombosis. Other evidence suggests that dietary supplementation with folic acids and vitamins helps to change hyper-homocysteinemia. This may be the key to wound management in the future.

A Preliminary Study in the Detection of Cardiac Disorders via Phase-Invariant Signature Algorithm of ECG

Japanese Heart Journal, 1978

Download

Mechanism of hydroxyl radical-induced modulation of vascular tone

Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1997

We investigated the effects of hydroxyl radicals (OH) generated by a .OH-generating system (dihyd... more We investigated the effects of hydroxyl radicals (OH) generated by a .OH-generating system (dihydroxyfumarate [DHF], adenosine diphosphate [ADP], and FeCl3) on isolated rabbit aorta suspended in Krebs-Ringer solution. The .OH-generating system produced a concentration-dependent generation of .OH. .OH relaxed rabbit aorta and norepinephrine (NE)-precontracted aorta in a concentration-dependent manner. Mannitol completely prevented this relaxation. Relaxation was completely absent in preparations denuded of endothelium. The relaxant effect was reduced by 62% by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis (NG-monomethyl-L-arginine), by 58% by an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase (methylene blue), by 48% by an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), and by 83% by an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channel blocker (glyburide). The inhibition of .OH-induced relaxation by a combination of indomethacin, methylene blue, and glyburide was not greater than by each of the individual agents. These results indicate that .OH produces a relaxation of the aorta that is completely endothelium-dependent and is partly mediated by an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide), vasodilatory arachidonic acid metabolites, and an ATP-sensitive K+ channel.

Kailash Prasad

Uploads

Papers by Kailash Prasad

Log In