EKAIA Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko Zientzia eta Teknologia Aldizkaria, 2001
Laburpena: Ezin uka ugari eta handiak direla gaztelaniaren interferentziak euskararen sintaxian e... more Laburpena: Ezin uka ugari eta handiak direla gaztelaniaren interferentziak euskararen sintaxian eta lexikoan. Hizkuntza baten eta bestearen ezaugarri eta bereizgarriak ondo ez jakiteagatik, egitura bihurri, badaezpadako edo ulergaitzak sortzen dira hizkuntza batetik (gaztelaniatik) bestera (euskarara) bihurtzean. Artikulu honetan, era xume eta lauan, erdal nominalizazioa euskaratzean maizenik egin ohi diren okerrak edo erabilera makurrak jorratuko ditugu. Azalduko dugu zer den nominalizazioa, nola sortzen den nominalizazioa hizkuntza batean eta bestean, zer bereizgarri ageri ditu euskarazko nominalizazioak gaztelaniazkoaren aldean, zer akats etorri ohi diren bereizgarri horiek kontuan ez hartzetik eta, azkenik, zein beste egituraz balia gaitezkeen erdal nominalizazioa euskaratzeko 1. SARRERA Noiz edo noiz testuren bat euskarara itzuli behar izan dugunok badakigu-gure baitan sufritu baitugu-jardun hori ez dela batere erraza. Haren bitarte osoan, izan ere, oztopoak eta eragozpenak sortzen zaizkigu aukeran, hala lexikoan, ez dugulako hiztegietan hitz edo termino egokirik atzematen, nola sintaxian, egitura sintaktiko hautarik edo biribilik lortzen ez dugulako. Orobat, betiere dudak hartzen gaitu sorrera-testuko formari lotu behar gatzaizkion, edo, aitzitik, askatasunez behar dugun jokatu eta adierazkizuna gure erara eman. Lehenengo arazoa gaitz da erantzuten, eta, hein batean, gaur egungo teknologiak ematen dizkigun bitartekoez balia gaitezke oztopo edo eragozpen horiek nolabait gainditzekotan; alegia, Internet-en sarturiko nazioarteko EKAIA, 14 (2001) 99
La Casa Pizano y la bóveda ligera en Colombia. El origen de una tradición moderna
At the beginning of the 20th Century several buildings were covered with tile vaults all through ... more At the beginning of the 20th Century several buildings were covered with tile vaults all through Latin America. However, two houses designed and built by Le Corbusier (the Maisons Sarabhai (Ahmadabad 1955) and Jaoul (Paris 1955)) have traditionally been considered the main influence for later vaulted buildings covered with this technique in the area in the 60s and 70s. Since there were built examples contemporary or previous to the buildings by the Swiss architect, it seems logical to think that the influence of the Jaoul or Sarabhai houses in Latin American vault construction might have been somehow less relevant. There are several examples that support that idea: the most relevant is the Casa Pizano, a missing Bogota building designed by the local architect Francisco Pizano de Brigard, which was Le Corbusier’s main inspiration for the aforementioned houses. The hypothesis of this paper is that local networks were also essential in the task of connecting similar technical initiativ...
Supplementary material from "Evolution of coordinated punishment to enforce cooperation from an unbiased strategy space
The emergence and maintenance of punishment to protect the commons remains an open puzzle in soci... more The emergence and maintenance of punishment to protect the commons remains an open puzzle in social and biological sciences. Even in societies where pro-social punishing is common, some individuals seek to cheat the system if they see a chance to do so—and public goods are often maintained in spite of cheaters who do not contribute. We present a model accounting for all possible strategies in a public goods game with punishment. While most models of punishment restrict the set of possible behaviours, excluding seemingly paradoxical anti-social strategies from the start, we show that these strategies can play an important role in explaining large-scale cooperation as observed in human societies. We find that coordinated punishment can emerge from individual interactions, but the stability of the associated institutions is limited due to anti-social and opportunistic behaviour. In particular, coordinated anti-social punishment can undermine cooperation if individuals cannot condition their behaviour on the existence of institutions that punish. Only when we allow for observability and conditional behaviours, anti-social strategies do no longer threat cooperation. This is due to a stable coexistence of a minority supporting pro-social institutions and those who only cooperate if such institutions are in place. This minority of supporters is enough to guarantee substantial cooperation under a wide range of conditions. Our findings resonate with the empirical observation that public goods are resilient to opportunistic cheaters in large groups of unrelated individuals. They also highlight the importance of letting evolution, and not modellers, decide which strategies matter.
University Workshops as a Way of Dissemination of Architectural Traditions: The Case of the Tile Vault
University workshops about traditional construction systems have proven an interesting tool for t... more University workshops about traditional construction systems have proven an interesting tool for the contemporary dissemination of architectural traditions. These workshops commonly seek to revitalize abandoned construction systems; however, they may also be helpful in testing research on traditional techniques, and on the virtues these techniques might offer in the light of current innovations. This paper summarizes the experience of various workshops held between 2005 and 2017 on the construction of tile vaults, a traditional construction system typical of the Mediterranean region. The description of the activities carried out in the workshops is accompanied by a follow-up on various initiatives and constructions promoted, a posteriori, by some of the participants.
The iterated prisoner’s dilemma (IPD) is a test bed for adaptation and cooperation. Computational... more The iterated prisoner’s dilemma (IPD) is a test bed for adaptation and cooperation. Computational experiments are regularly used for studying the competition of IPD strategies in multi-agent settings. This experimental work rarely links their results to game theoretical results with the potential to enlighten the analysis and the questions being asked. Here we focus on simulated evolution and results from Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT) and the IPD. The theory implies that all Nash equilibria can be upset by a sequence of mutants. If strategies are not restricted, populations of agents should move between Nash equilibria with different levels of cooperation. We argue this instability is inescapable, regardless of how strategies are represented. We present algorithms that show that simulated evolution perfectly aligns with EGT predictions. This implies that cognition itself may only have limited impact on the cycling dynamics of cooperation and defection. We argue that the role of mut...
Creating incentives for cooperation is a challenge in natural and artificial systems. One potenti... more Creating incentives for cooperation is a challenge in natural and artificial systems. One potential answer is reputation, whereby agents trade the immediate cost of cooperation for the future benefits of having a good reputation. Game theoretical models have shown that specific social norms can make cooperation stable, but how agents can independently learn to establish effective reputation mechanisms on their own is less understood. We use a simple model of reinforcement learning to show that reputation mechanisms generate two coordination problems: agents need to learn how to coordinate on the meaning of existing reputations and collectively agree on a social norm to assign reputations to others based on their behavior. These coordination problems exhibit multiple equilibria, some of which effectively establish cooperation. When we train agents with a standard Q-learning algorithm in an environment with the presence of reputation mechanisms, convergence to undesirable equilibria i...
Two tricyanomethanide-based ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 14 tricyanome... more Two tricyanomethanide-based ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 14 tricyanomethanide ([C 2 C 1 im][TCM]) and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium tricyanomethanide ([4-15 C 4 C 1 py][TCM]) have been recently reported as effective solvents for the BTX extractive 16 distillation from pyrolysis gasoline. The vapor-liquid or vapor-liquid-liquid equilibria 17 (VLE/VLLE) of several {aliphatic + aromatic + [TCM]-based ILs} ternary systems related to 18 pyrolysis gasoline was extensively determined by headspace-gas chromatography (HS-GC), on 19 a wide range of temperatures and solvent-to-feed (S/F) ratios. The Cubic Plus Association 20 Equation of State (CPA EoS) was used to predictively describe the experimental VLE/VLLE 21 from binary interaction parameters regressed from {hydrocarbon + IL} binary systems. Here, 22 the VLE/VLLE related to the separation of the pyrolysis gasoline key components (n-octane 23 and benzene) and other aliphatic/aromatic challenging mixtures in terms of aliphatic/aromatic 24 relative volatility is reported. Specifically, the VLE/VLLE data for {n-octane + benzene + IL}, 25 {n-heptane + benzene + IL} and {n-octane + toluene + IL} ternary systems were determined. 26 The CPA EoS accuracy, robustness, and transferability between different systems is verified, 27 with the advantages and limitations shown in previous works. Overall, the results obtained in 28 this work lay the foundation for the implementation of the CPA EoS parametrization in a 29 commercial simulator to rigorously simulate the multicomponent BTX extractive distillation 30 from pyrolysis gasoline with ILs.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Developing a new correlation for the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon diffusion coefficients at... more Developing a new correlation for the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution in ionic liquids,
The aromatic/aliphatic separation using ionic liquids (ILs) has been proposed as an enhanced tech... more The aromatic/aliphatic separation using ionic liquids (ILs) has been proposed as an enhanced technology when compared to conventional liquid-liquid extraction and extractive distillation processes. Some ILs show extractive properties (distribution ratios and selectivities) greater than those of conventional solvents, like sulfolane and Nmethylpyrrolidone, positioning these solvents to address challenging separations. Methylcycloalkanes and benzene are close-boiling mixtures in the petrochemical industry, presented at the hydrogenated pyrolysis naphtha where benzene is at a high concentration (ca. 70 wt%). Aiming to tackle this separation, cyano-based ILs were tested as mass agents in the benzene separation from methylcycloalkanes. A complete phase equilibria characterization with the most promising ILs, [C 2 C 1 im][DCA] and [C 2 C 1 im][SCN], were done, using a recently developed experimental-modelling strategy. Isothermal vapour-liquid equilibria for binary, ternary and quaternary systems was measured by Headspace Gas-Chromatography (HS-GC) and modelled using the Cubic Plus Association (CPA) Equation of State (EoS). The presence of the ILs improved the methylcycloalkane/benzene relative volatilities by one order of magnitude, whereas homogeneous and heterogeneous regions were determined by HS-GC, leading to a consistent model.
The non-volatility character of the ionic liquids makes them environmentally attractive to new se... more The non-volatility character of the ionic liquids makes them environmentally attractive to new separation processes development, but their water solubility emphasizes the importance of the study of their impact on the aquatic environment. The present work reports the toxicity of 24 imidazolium-and pyridinium-based ionic liquids through Vibrio fischeri inhibition basic test. The toxicity-structure relationship of the ionic liquids has been studied through the anion and cation core, the cation alkyl chain length, and the presence of functional groups on the cation alkyl chain. Ionic liquids whose chemical structure includes pyridinium cations, long cation alkyl chains, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([Tf 2 N]) anions present the highest toxicity. Finally, considering ionic liquids as potential solvents for the aromatic/aliphatic separation process, their toxicity has been compared to that of sulfolane, which is the current organic solvent used in this kind of process. Most of the studied ionic liquids can be classified as harmless or practically harmless; meanwhile, only four of them present a slightly or moderately toxicity, the same than that of sulfolane. The present study suggests that not only the atmospheric pollution would be decreased, but the aquatic impact as well by using ionic liquids as alternative solvents. Graphic abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) stand as more environmentally friendly solvents in the petrochemical industry. Their toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri bacteria is lower than most of the "green" alternative deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and much lower than the current solvent, sulfolane.
Social insect colonies are capable of allocating their workforce in a decentralised fashion; addr... more Social insect colonies are capable of allocating their workforce in a decentralised fashion; addressing a variety of tasks and responding effectively to changes in the environment. This process is fundamental to their ecological success, but the mechanisms behind it remain poorly understood. While most models focus on internal and individual factors, empirical evidence highlights the importance of ecology and social interactions. To address this gap we propose a game theoretical model of task allocation. Individuals are characterised by a trait that determines how they split their energy between two prototypical tasks: foraging and regulation. To be viable, a colony needs to learn to adequately allocate its workforce between these two tasks. We study two different processes: individuals can learn relying exclusively on their own experience, or by using the experiences of others via social learning. We find that social organisation can be determined by the ecology alone, irrespective...
La Casa Pizano no existe ya. Conocemos bien, sin embargo, su configuración arquitectónica y const... more La Casa Pizano no existe ya. Conocemos bien, sin embargo, su configuración arquitectónica y constructiva. El edificio, de planta en L [1], constaba de tres crujías, la más larga de ellas [2a] [2b] [1]
Cyclohexane/cyclohexene separation is one of the most complex and relevant hydrocarbon separation... more Cyclohexane/cyclohexene separation is one of the most complex and relevant hydrocarbon separations due to the close boiling points of these two cyclic hydrocarbons and the relevance of both compounds in the petrochemical industry. The production of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and benzene usually means the existence of cyclohexane/cyclohexene mixtures and the necessity of their separation. A current approach in search of new processes for this challenging separation is the development of liquid-liquid extraction technology using ionic liquids. Nevertheless, systematic limitations observed for the extensive collection of ionic liquids proved so far have boosted to further investigate the extractive distillation with ionic liquids as a better separation technology. Five selected cyano-based ionic liquids were tested in the cyclohexane/cyclohexene separation. Vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) data were determined by a combined headspacegas chromatography technique (HS-GC) and fitted to the non-random two liquids (NRTL) model. From the obtained results, the cyclohexane/cyclohexene relative volatility with the studied ionic liquids is enhanced in comparison with that provided by conventional solvents. Then, extractive distillation with cyano-based ionic liquids stands as a suitable way to perform the cyclohexane/cyclohexene separation.
The water impact on the CO 2 and CH 4 solubilities and their selectivity in [C 4 C 1 im][Ac] was ... more The water impact on the CO 2 and CH 4 solubilities and their selectivity in [C 4 C 1 im][Ac] was evaluated for [C 4 C 1 im][Ac]:H 2 O molar ratios of 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2, for temperatures ranging from (293 to 363) K and pressures up to 70 MPa. In addition, density and excess molar volumes of [C 4 C 1 im][Ac] + water binary systems were measured aiming at understanding the impact of the solvent structure on the gas solubilities. Water is shown to improve the IL capability to solubilize CO 2 , with equimolar molar ratios leading to enhanced solubilities for pressures up to 5 MPa, whereas [C 4 C 1 im][Ac]:H 2 O molar ratios of 5:1 and 2:1 present higher CO 2 solubility at higher pressures. The impact of water on the solubility of methane, on the other hand, is small, with only a slight enhancement of methane solubility at high pressures observed. The favorable impact of water, on the carbon dioxide solubility, lead to enhanced CO 2 /CH 4 ideal selectivity.
The separation of olefins/paraffins is a challenge for the petrochemical industry due to the clos... more The separation of olefins/paraffins is a challenge for the petrochemical industry due to the close boiling points of these hydrocarbons. In this work we have studied the feasibility of different imidazolium and pyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as alternative solvents in the cyclohexane/cyclohexene separation. Five ILs have been studied, namely 1-butyl-4methylpyridinium tricyanomethanide ([4bmpy][TCM]), bis(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) tetrathiocyanatocobaltate ([emim] 2 [Co(SCN) 4 ]), bis(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) tetrathiocyanatocobaltate ([bmim] 2 [Co(SCN) 4 ]), 1-ethyl-4-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([4empy][Tf 2 N]), and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([4bmpy][Tf 2 N]). Experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data were obtained for the equimolar ternary mixtures {cyclohexane (1) + cyclohexene (2) + IL (3)} at T = (298.2, 313.2 and 328.2) K and atmospheric pressure in order to study the effect of the temperature on the extractive properties. Afterwards, LLE data for every ternary system was determined at the best temperature and for the whole cyclohexane/cyclohexene composition range. These ILs have shown promising results in terms of distribution ratio and selectivity, showing the [4bmpy][TCM] IL the best extractive properties at 298.2 K and atmospheric pressure. The Non-Random Two Liquids (NRTL) model was used to successfully correlate the experimental LLE data.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on the cation choline have been proposed to date for a variet... more Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on the cation choline have been proposed to date for a variety of applications due to their remarkable physicochemical properties. The thermal stability is one of the first properties of DESs that needs to be known since it limits the maximum operating temperature for which these solvents are useful in many applications. In this work, the thermal stability of eight different choline chloride-based DESs formed using levulinic acid, malonic acid, glycerol, ethylene glycol, phenylacetic acid, phenylpropionic acid, urea, and glucose as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) has been studied using isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (TGA/FTIR-ATR) techniques. Isothermal and dynamic FTIR-ATR were carried out to confirm the formation and to show the structural changes with temperature of the DESs, respectively. The onset decomposition temperatures of the DESs were obtained from dynamic TGA. However, the maximum operating temperatures determined by isothermal TGA in long-term scenarios have demonstrated to be significantly lower than the onset decomposition temperatures for every DES studied. The thermal stability and the boiling point of HBDs have a crucial impact on the maximum operating temperature of DESs.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, Jan 27, 2018
In Argentina, peanuts are stored for 3-6 months. It is important to avoid the proliferation of fu... more In Argentina, peanuts are stored for 3-6 months. It is important to avoid the proliferation of fungi and insect pests during this period. In this study, the potential of BHA microcapsules to conserve peanut kernels was evaluated in microcosms and on a pilot scale. In microcosm assays, microcapsules containing BHA at the dose of 1802 μg g reduced 37% of total fungal count; while higher reductions (77-100%) were obtained with the combined treatment (BHA formulation 1802 μg g + fungicide (Methyl thiophanate 0.0100 g L + Metalaxyl 0.0133 g L ). However, germination levels of peanut seeds treated with the BHA formulation were less than 6% throughout the incubation time. In pilot scale trials, the storage conditions allowed the control of fungal development and the insect proliferation. In addition, quantifiable levels of BHA were detected during all the storage period. The combined treatment significantly reduced fungal contamination at the 2 months of storage (C1-2015: 37.41%; C1-2016: ...
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