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Jonathan Pool

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Accessibility Automation Lead at CVS Health
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Papers by Jonathan Pool

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Abstract. At present, there are approximately 7,000 living languages in the world. However, some ... more Abstract. At present, there are approximately 7,000 living languages in the world. However, some experts claim that the process of globalization may eventually lead to the world losing this linguistic diversity. The vision of the PanLex project is to help save these languages, especially low-density ones, by allowing them to be intertranslatable and thus to be a part of the Information Age. Semantic Web technologies can support achieving this goal, for reasons such as their capabilities of flexibly representing, interlinking and reasoning with data, in our case particularly linguistic resources and annotations. Conversely, an RDF version of PanLex makes a significant contribution towards improving the coverage of the Linguistic Web of Data, as to the best of our knowledge there exists no large scale Linked Data data set for panlingual translation of non-mainstream languages. In this dataset description paper we detail how we transformed the data of the PanLex project to RDF, establi...

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

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The Open Linguistics Working Group: Developing the Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud

The Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) brings together researchers from various fields of ling... more The Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) brings together researchers from various fields of linguistics, natural language processing, and information technology to present and discuss principles, case studies, and best practices for representing, publishing and linking linguistic data collections. A major outcome of our work is the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) cloud, an LOD (sub-)cloud of linguistic resources, which covers various linguistic databases, lexicons, corpora, terminologies, and metadata repositories. We present and summarize five years of progress on the development of the cloud and of advancements in open data in linguistics, and we describe recent community activities. The paper aims to serve as a guideline to introduce and involve researchers with the community and more generally with Linguistic Linked Open Data.

The Multilingual Mind and Multilingual Societies: A Commentary

Politics and the Life Sciences, 1985

(Weinreich, 1968; Laponce, 1984). This concentra-tion can be explained by a variety of cultural a... more

Whose Russian Language? Problems in the Definition of Linguistic Identity

... Yet the mainstream of Soviet thinking also calls for the increasing standardization of the la... more

Language Planning and Social Change. By Robert L. Cooper. New York: Cambridge, 1990. 224p. $54.50 doth, $14.95 paper. - The English-Only Question. By Dennis Baron. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. 247p. $22.50. - Forked Tongue: The Politics of Bilingual Education. By Rosalie Pedalino Porte...

American Political Science Review, 1991

PanLex and LEXTRACT: Translating all Words of all Languages of the World

International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2010

PanLex is a lemmatic translation resource which combines a large number of translation dictionari... more PanLex is a lemmatic translation resource which combines a large number of translation dictionaries and other translingual lexical resources. It currently covers 1353 language varieties and 12M expressions, but aims to cover all languages and up to 350M expressions. This paper describes the resource and current applications of it, as well as lextract, a new effort to expand the coverage of PanLex via semi-automatic dictionary scraping.

On Controlled Natural Languages: Properties and Prospects

Abstract. This collaborative report highlights the properties and prospects of Controlled Natural... more Abstract. This collaborative report highlights the properties and prospects of Controlled Natural Languages (CNLs). The report poses a range of questions concerning the goals of the CNL, the design, the linguistic aspects, the relationships and evaluation of CNLs, and the application tools. In posing the questions, the report attempts to structure the field of CNLs and to encourage further systematic discussion by researchers and developers. 1

I.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods – Semantic networks I.2.6 Learning – Knowledge acquisition

Are people willing and able to disambiguate content for the Semantic Web? We asked subjects to us... more Are people willing and able to disambiguate content for the Semantic Web? We asked subjects to use two methods (paraphrasal and truth-conditional selection) to disambiguate sentences from the Web. Native speakers did better with the paraphrasal method, and non-native speakers with the truth-conditional method. Unpaid volunteers performed better than paid subjects. Subjects ’ average disambiguation time was about 20 seconds per sentence. Categories and Subject Descriptors

chapter 4 Translators in a global community

The popular yet paradoxical idea of a diverse global community raises questions about language an... more The popular yet paradoxical idea of a diverse global community raises questions about language and translation. Would a global community with a global language lose its other languages? Would a global community without a global language be able to interact efficiently across thousands of linguistic frontiers? One strategy that might make global community compatible with linguistic diversity is panlingual transparency via aspectual phased translation. With it, translators translate aspects of a discourse at each phase of a multiphase process, rather than translating the discourse in its entirety in a single act. In an initial simple model, communication in a global community relies on translation partitioned into four phases; the translation in each is either linguistic or cultural, but not both. A source discourse is translated culturally (within the source language), then linguistically (from the source language to a global representation), then linguistically (from the global repr...

Predicting Unilingual Globalization

If global social integration continues, it appears likely that languages will keep dying until th... more If global social integration continues, it appears likely that languages will keep dying until the world is unilingual. The implementation of cultural, economic, political, and technological strategies of panlingual globalization might prevent that outcome. One such strategy, aiming at panlingual transparency, is currently being investigated in a research project at the University of Washington’s Turing Center. The researchers are developing a panlingual lexical database, inference algorithms, and practical applications, to discover whether panlingual lexical translation can help breathe new life into thousands of doomed languages by making them serve their speakers ’ information and communication needs. Initial results of experiments support the belief that the world’s dispersed lexical resources can be joined into a panlingual translation engine, which people can use effectively in some representative Web-search and interpersonal-messaging tasks. Efforts to make the engine accessi...

Language Regimes

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Evaluating Lemmatic Communication

The need for translation among the world's thousands of natural languages makes information a... more The need for translation among the world's thousands of natural languages makes information access and communication costly. One possible solution is lemmatic communication: A human sender encodes a message into sequences of lemmata (dictionary words), a massively multilingual lexical translation engine translates them into lemma sequences in a target language, and a human receiver interprets them to infer the sender's intended meanings. Using a 13 million-lemma, 1300-language translation engine, we conducted an experiment in lemmatic communication with Spanish and Hungarian-speaking subjects. Translingual communication was less successful than intralingual communication, and intralingual communication was less successful when the lemma sequences were artificially randomized before the receiver saw them (simulating word-order differences among languages). In all conditions, however, meanings were transmitted with high or moderate fidelity in at least 40% of the cases. The re...

Some Observations on Language Planning in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan

Optimal Strategies in Linguistic Games

Why is this book in English? An insider can offer several answers, such as these: 1. Because the ... more Why is this book in English? An insider can offer several answers, such as these: 1. Because the Editorial Group insisted that all papers be in English. 2. Because English is the native language of the book's honoree. 3. Because all of the authors can write in English, and some can write only in English. 4. Because Mouton can sell more copies of an all-English book than of a plurilingual book. 5. Because more of the existing literature in linguistics is in English than in any other language. These answers, in turn, lead to further questions: Why did the authors do what the Editorial Group asked? Why is English the major language of linguistics? And so on. Explaining a particular linguistic event can involve hypothetical links in an infinitely long and thus intractable causal chain. To avoid an infinite regress, we explain events by limiting the classes of allowable causal links. We may focus entirely on historical, or attitudinal, or biological, or political variables, for examp...

Panlingual Globalization

If global social integration continues, it appears likely that languages will keep dying until th... more If global social integration continues, it appears likely that languages will keep dying until the world is unilingual. The implementation of cultural, economic, political, and technological strategies of panlingual globalization might prevent that outcome. One such strategy, aiming at panlingual transparency, is currently being investigated in a research project at the University of Washington’s Turing Center. The researchers are developing a panlingual lexical database, inference algorithms, and practical applications, to discover whether panlingual lexical translation can help breathe new life into thousands of doomed languages by making them serve their speakers’ information and communication needs. Initial results of experiments support the belief that the world’s dispersed lexical resources can be joined into a panlingual translation engine, which people can use effectively in some representative Web-search and interpersonal-messaging tasks. Efforts to make the engine accessib...

Syntactic Disambiguation for the Semantic Web

Are people willing and able to disambiguate content for the Semantic Web? We asked subjects to us... more Are people willing and able to disambiguate content for the Semantic Web? We asked subjects to use two methods (paraphrasal and truth-conditional selection) to disambiguate sentences from the Web. Native speakers did better with the paraphrasal method, and non-native speakers with the truth-conditional method. Unpaid volunteers performed better than paid subjects. Subjects’ average disambiguation time was about 20 seconds per sentence.

Computer-assisted instruction in political science

MF-$0.83 Plus Postage. HC Not Av ilable from EDRS. *Computer Assisted Instruction; Computer Orien... more MF-$0.83 Plus Postage. HC Not Av ilable from EDRS. *Computer Assisted Instruction; Computer Oriented tion. A considerable proportion of these faculty develop and/or use computer related instructional materials. Many of these materials arc data :malysis exercises or simulations that introduce students to recent research and quantitative methods of analysis. The Supplementary Empirical Teaching Units in Political Science, written, evaluated and used widely by 0 Ct. faculty in conjunction with the Association's education pwg: evirnplity such computer related instructional materiak. Computer-assisted Instructitnl (CAI) provides another and distinctive application of computer technology. Here, the computer is used to organize and present a subject in a fashion designed to assme that each student achieves an understanding of problem solving skills and id the concepts and logic of analysis inherent in the subject. Faculty developing CAI have control over the design and presentation of what they are teaching. 7..aculty using CAI have considerable Ilexibility in structuring their assignments and classtime and in assessing theii students learning achievements. These attributes, along with the techniques of-authoring CAI lessons, arc described by the contributors to Compotcr-A.ssitcul fihtruilimi in Political Science. Jonathan Pool, the editor, has extended his scholarship in pohtics ,ind linguistics to CAI authoring s stems. And, with his colleagues at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, he has developed a CAI program lor an Introductor Course in Political Science. He has designed this volume, the fourth in our series ol Instructional Resource Monographs, to allow political scientists to demonstrate what CAI has to of f er to their colleagues and to students ru a r,ingt.' (If topics, including political philosophy and political behavior.

The Open Linguistics Working Group: Developing the Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud

The Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) brings together researchers from various fields of ling... more The Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) brings together researchers from various fields of linguistics, natural language processing, and information technology to present and discuss principles, case studies, and best practices for representing, publishing and linking linguistic data collections. A major outcome of our work is the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) cloud, an LOD (sub-)cloud of linguistic resources, which covers various linguistic databases, lexicons, corpora, terminologies, and metadata repositories. We present and summarize five years of progress on the development of the cloud and of advancements in open data in linguistics, and we describe recent community activities. The paper aims to serve as a guideline to introduce and involve researchers with the community and more generally with Linguistic Linked Open Data.

Can Controlled Languages Scale to the Web?

In a multilingual Semantic Web, authors might write in precise, expressive varieties of diverse l... more In a multilingual Semantic Web, authors might write in precise, expressive varieties of diverse languages. Do such controlled languages exist? Of 41 candidates, just 4 were (1) designed for multiple domains and genres and (2) documented enough for evaluation. A sample of Web statements on health and human rights revealed limited expressivity or precision in each language. The most expressive one avoided structural ambiguity but allowed semantic ambiguity that could frustrate human and machine comprehension. The possibility of a practical Web-scale controlled language remains undemonstrated but unrefuted.