Papers by Jo-Anne Bachorowski
Science Briefs: Laughing Matters
PsycEXTRA Dataset, 2004
Cognition & Emotion, Dec 1, 2010
The current study evaluated the quality of facial and vocal emotional expressions in abusive and ... more The current study evaluated the quality of facial and vocal emotional expressions in abusive and non-abusive mothers, and assessed whether mothers' emotional expression quality was related to their children's cognitive processing of emotion and behavioural problems. Relative to nonabusive mothers, abusive mothers produced less prototypical angry facial expressions, and less prototypical angry, happy, and sad vocal expressions. The intensity of mothers' facial and vocal expressions of anger was related to their children's externalising and internalising symptoms. Additionally, children's cognitive processing of their mothers' angry faces was related to the quality of mothers' facial expressions. Results are discussed with respect to the impact of early emotional learning environments on children's socioemotional development and risk for psychopathology.
Frontiers in Psychology, Feb 25, 2020
Social interactions have long been a source of lay beliefs about the ways in which psychological ... more Social interactions have long been a source of lay beliefs about the ways in which psychological constructs operate. Some of the most enduring psychological constructs to become common lay beliefs originated from research focused on social-emotional processes. "Emotional intelligence" and "social intelligence" are now mainstream notions, stemming from their appealing nature and depiction in popular media. However, empirical attempts at quantifying the quality of social interactions have not been nearly as successful as measures of individual differences such as social skills, theory of mind, or social/emotional intelligence. The subjective, lay ratings of the quality of interactions by naïve observers are nonetheless consistent both within and between observers. The goal of this paper is to describe recent empirical work surrounding lay beliefs about social interaction quality and ways in which those beliefs can be quantified. We will then argue that these lay impressions formed about the quality of an interaction, perhaps via affect induction, are consistent with an expertise framework. Affect induction, beginning in infancy and occurring over time, creates instances in memory that accumulate and are ultimately measurable as social-emotional expertise (SEE). The ways in which our lay beliefs about social interaction quality fit the definition of expertise, or the automatic, holistic processing of relevant stimuli, will be discussed. We will then describe the promise of future work in this area, with a focus on a) continued delineation of the thoughts, behaviors, and timing of behaviors that lead to high-quality social interactions; and b) the viability of expertise as the conceptual model for individual differences in social-emotional ability.
Child-Directed Speech Produced by Mothers with Symptoms of Depression Fails to Promote Associative Learning in 4-Month-Old Infants
Child Development, May 1, 1999
Child‐directed (CD) speech segments produced by 20 mothers who varied in self‐reported symptoms o... more Child‐directed (CD) speech segments produced by 20 mothers who varied in self‐reported symptoms of depression, recorded during a structured play interaction with their 2‐ to 6‐month‐old infants, were used as conditioned stimuli with face reinforcers in a conditioned attention paradigm. After pairings of speech segments and faces, speech segments were assessed for their ability to increase time spent looking at a novel checkerboard pattern (summation test) using 225 4‐month‐old infants of nondepressed mothers. Significant positive summation, an index of associative learning, was obtained in groups of infants tested with speech produced by mothers with comparatively fewer self‐reported symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory or BDI ≤ 15). However, significant positive summation was not achieved using speech samples produced by mothers with comparatively more symptoms of depression (BDI> 15). These results indicate that the CD speech produced by mothers with symptoms of depression does not promote associative learning in infants.
Neuropsychologia, Nov 1, 2010
The human hippocampus is known to play an important role in relational memory. Both patient lesio... more The human hippocampus is known to play an important role in relational memory. Both patient lesion studies and functional-imaging studies have shown that it is involved in the encoding and retrieval from memory of arbitrary associations. Two recent patient lesion studies, however, have found dissociations between spared and impaired memory within the domain of relational memory. Recognition of associations between information of the same kind (e.g., two faces) was spared, whereas recognition of associations between information of different kinds (e.g., face-name or face-voice associations) was impaired by hippocampal lesions. Thus, recognition of associations between information of the same kind may not be mediated by the hippocampus. Few imaging studies have directly compared activation at encoding and recognition of associations between same and different types of information. Those that have have shown mixed findings and been open to alternative interpretation. We used fMRI to compare hippocampal activation while participants studied and later recognized face-face and face-laugh paired associates. We found no differences in hippocampal activation between our two types of stimulus materials during either study or recognition. Study of both types of paired associate activated the hippocampus bilaterally, but the hippocampus was not activated by either condition during recognition. Our findings suggest that the human hippocampus is normally engaged to a similar extent by study and recognition of associations between information of the same kind and associations between information of different kinds.
Sucrose and Delinquency: Behavioral Assessment
Pediatrics, Aug 1, 1990
Personality and Individual Differences, 1985
There is a need for the development of behavioral measures of impulsivity in order to elucidate t... more There is a need for the development of behavioral measures of impulsivity in order to elucidate the specific qualities of impulsive persons. The relationships between two behavioral measures of impulsivity and several personality inventories frequently used to assess impulsivity were examined using 40 male Ss. The behavioral measures involved a motor-inhibition (MI) task and time-interval (TI) estimation. The personality measures included the Extraversion (E), Psychoticism (P) and Neuroticism (N) scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Barratt's Impulsivity Scale (BIS) and Gough's Socialization Scale (So). Significant relationships between MI scores and E, BIS and a proposed dimension of impulsivity obtained by the formation of E-P quadrants were found. In addition, performance on this task was related to So, P and E-N quadrants in the predicted directions. The consistency of these results supports the use of this task as a behavioral measure of impulsivity in adults. Although personality inventory scores were not related to estimations, significant (negative) correlations were obtained between TI estimations and MI scores. The results indicate that TI estimation by itself is not an adequate measure of impulsivity, but does have implications for understanding impulsive behavior.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, Apr 1, 1999
Speech is an acoustically rich signal that provides considerable personal information about talke... more Speech is an acoustically rich signal that provides considerable personal information about talkers. The expression Keywords emotion; speech acoustics; vocal communication MENTAL REPRESENTATION
Emotional Intensity Scale
PsycTESTS Dataset, 1994
Personality and Individual Differences, Aug 1, 1994
The individual difference construct of emotional intensity has received substantial theoretical a... more The individual difference construct of emotional intensity has received substantial theoretical and empirical attention. However, the principal measure used to measure emotional intensity appears to confound frequency with intensity in the response format. We developed the Emotional Intensity Scale (EIS) to make available a measure of emotional intensity independent of frequency. The EIS demonstrated strong internal reliability and temporal stability. Some of the theoretical implications of the correlations that were obtained among positive affect, negative affect, Extraversion, and Neuroticism are described.
Antiphonal laughter between friends and strangers
Cognition & Emotion, 2003
Drawing from an affect-induction model of laughter (Bachorowski & Owren, 2001... more Drawing from an affect-induction model of laughter (Bachorowski & Owren, 2001; Owren & Bachorowski, 2002), we propose that "antiphonal" laughter--that is, laughter that occurs during or immediately after a social partner's laugh--is a behavioural manifestation of a conditioned positive emotional response to another individual's laugh acoustics. To test hypotheses concerning the occurrence of antiphonal laughter, participants (n = 148) were
Effects of Cue Validity upon Performance in the Attention Cueing Paradigm
Perceptual and Motor Skills, Jun 1, 1997
Two experiments were run wherein normal subjects made choice reactions to targets preceded by loc... more Two experiments were run wherein normal subjects made choice reactions to targets preceded by location cues. Systematic manipulation of the predictive validity of the cue produced consistent advantages for subjects in the low as opposed to the high predictive validity condition. Performance advantages were observed in both response time and accuracy measures. The results are discussed with respect to models of visual orienting and controlled versus automatic processing.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Jan 24, 2006
Cognition & Emotion, Sep 1, 1999
Emotional disturbances are central to diverse psychopathologies. In this article, we argue that t... more Emotional disturbances are central to diverse psychopathologies. In this article, we argue that the functions of emotion are comparable for persons with and without psychopathology. However, impairment in one or more components of emotional processing disrupts the achievement of adaptive emotion functions. Adopting a theoretical conceptualisation of emotional processes that stresses activity in centrally mediated approach and withdrawal systems, we discuss the role of emotion in several forms of psychopathology, including major depression, some of the anxiety disorders, psychopathy, and schizophrenia. In doing so, we highlight the nature of emotion disturbance and attendant behavioural and cognitive de® cits. F inally, we discuss the merits of this approach for conceptualising emotional disturbance in psychopathology.
Sucrose and Delinquency: Oral Sucrose Tolerance Test and Nutritional Assessment
Pediatrics, Aug 1, 1990
Claims that juvenile delinquency may be associated with reactive hypoglycemia or nutritional defi... more Claims that juvenile delinquency may be associated with reactive hypoglycemia or nutritional deficiencies have received widespread attention but little objective evaluation. To assess the validity of these claims, nutritional and psychological indices of juvenile delinquents have been measured. Serum glucose and insulin profiles during an oral sucrose tolerance test were measured in 137 delinquent and 41 nondelinquent male adolescents aged 14 to 19. In addition, nutritional status of both populations was assessed by anthropometry (height, weight, arm circumference, triceps skin fold) and biochemical measures (hematocrit, red-blood cell thiamin, and serum copper, ferritin, and zinc). Delinquent subjects had slightly but significantly lower serum glucose values at four of six time points (fasting, 60 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes) and higher serum insulin values at one time point (30 minutes) compared with nondelinquent subjects. Changes in glucose from fasting levels indicate that these subjects were regulating serum glucose adequately, but doing so at lower values; changes in insulin from fasting levels indicate that black delinquents initially secreted more insulin than either white subject group. There were no significant associations between excursions in serum glucose or insulin and any adrenergic signs or symptoms of low blood glucose levels. Nutritional status of incarcerated delinquents did not differ from that of nonincarcerated subjects on most measures. Although the significantly lower serum glucose levels and higher serum insulin levels are intriguing, no support is offered by results of this study for allegations that sucrose ingestion causes reactive hypoglycemia in juvenile delinquents or that delinquent male adolescents are at greater risk nutritionally than male adolescents of the same age who are not delinquent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of alcohol and expectancies on verbal aggression in men and women
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Nov 1, 1984
... Effects of Alcohol and Expectancies on Verbal Aggression in Men and Women Damaris J. Rohsenow... more ... Effects of Alcohol and Expectancies on Verbal Aggression in Men and Women Damaris J. Rohsenow State University of New York at Binghamton Jo-Anne Bachorowski University of Wisconsin-Madison ... Page 3. 420 DAMAR1S J. ROHSENOW AND JO-ANNE BACHOROWSKI ...
Social–Emotional Expertise Scale
Infancy, Oct 1, 2001
Infant-directed (ID) speech was recorded from mothers as they interacted with their 4to 12-month-... more Infant-directed (ID) speech was recorded from mothers as they interacted with their 4to 12-month-old infants. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that two variables, age of the mother and mother's diagnosed depression, independently accounted for significant proportions of the variance in the extent of change in fundamental frequency (AF,]). Specifically, depressed mothers produced ID speech with smaller AF,, than did nondepressed mothers, and older mothers produced ID speech with larger M,, than did younger mothers. Mothers who were taking antidepressant medication and who were diagnosed as being in at least partial remission produced ID speech with mean AF,, values that were comparable to those of nondepressed mothers. These results demonstrate explicit associations between major depressive disorder and an acoustic attribute of ID speech that is highly salient to young infants.
Frontiers in Psychology, Apr 27, 2023
Human social performance has been a focus of theory and investigation for more than a century. At... more Human social performance has been a focus of theory and investigation for more than a century. Attempts to quantify social performance have focused on selfreport and non-social performance measures grounded in intelligence-based theories. An expertise framework, when applied to individual differences in social interaction performance, offers novel insights and methods of quantification that could address limitations of prior approaches. The purposes of this review are 3-fold. First, to define the central concepts related to individual differences in social performance, with a particular focus on the intelligence-based framework that has dominated the field. Second, to make an argument for a revised conceptualization of individual differences in social-emotional performance as a social expertise. In support of this second aim, the putative components of a socialemotional expertise and the potential means for their assessment will be outlined. To end, the implications of an expertise-based conceptual framework for the application of computational modeling approaches in this area will be discussed. Taken together, expertise theory and computational modeling methods have the potential to advance quantitative assessment of social interaction performance.
Acoustic correlates of talker sex and individual talker identity are present in a short vowel segment produced in running speech
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Aug 1, 1999
Although listeners routinely perceive both the sex and individual identity of talkers from their ... more Although listeners routinely perceive both the sex and individual identity of talkers from their speech, explanations of these abilities are incomplete. Here, variation in vocal production-related anatomy was assumed to affect vowel acoustics thought to be critical for indexical cueing. Integrating this approach with source-filter theory, patterns of acoustic parameters that should represent sex and identity were identified. Due to sexual dimorphism, the combination of fundamental frequency (F0, reflecting larynx size) and vocal tract length cues (VTL, reflecting body size) was predicted to provide the strongest acoustic correlates of talker sex. Acoustic measures associated with presumed variations in supralaryngeal vocal tract-related anatomy occurring within sex were expected to be prominent in individual talker identity. These predictions were supported by results of analyses of 2500 tokens of the /ɛ/ phoneme, extracted from the naturally produced speech of 125 subjects. Classification by talker sex was virtually perfect when F0 and VTL were used together, whereas talker classification depended primarily on the various acoustic parameters associated with vocal-tract filtering.
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Papers by Jo-Anne Bachorowski