Field Quality Measurements of the LQXB Inner Triplet Quadrupoles for LHC
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Jun 1, 2005
As a part of the USLHC program, Fermilab is building half of the inner triplet quadrupole magnets... more As a part of the USLHC program, Fermilab is building half of the inner triplet quadrupole magnets for the LHC. Two identical quadrupoles (MQXB) with a dipole corrector between them in a single cryogenic unit (LQXB) comprise the Q2 optical element of the final focus triplets in the interaction regions. The 5.5 m long MQXB have a 70 mm aperture
ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference - CEC, 2014
A new test stand for testing large superconducting solenoid magnets at the Fermilab Central Heliu... more A new test stand for testing large superconducting solenoid magnets at the Fermilab Central Helium Liquefier (CHL) has been designed, installed, and operated. This test stand is being used to test a coupling coil for the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE), and future uses include solenoids for the Fermilab µ2e experiment. This paper describes the test stand design and operation including controlled cool-down and warm-up. Overviews of the process controls system and the quench management system are also included.
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Jun 1, 2014
Large aperture superconducting solenoid magnets are needed for the production and capture of pion... more Large aperture superconducting solenoid magnets are needed for the production and capture of pions, which decay to create intense muon beams in future experiments to search for direct muon to electron conversion. The COMET experiment in Japan, and the Mu2e experiment in the U.S. are jointly conducting research into the design of capture solenoid coils made from aluminum-stabilized NbTi superconductor that is cooled by conduction to a supply of liquid helium. A prototype coil of 1.3 m inner diameter, having 4 layers of 8 turns each, has been wound with pure aluminum interlayer fins for the conduction cooling. The test coil includes two types of welded splices, two film heaters for quench studies, and extensive instrumentation to evaluate strain, temperature profiles, and coil voltages. Details of the cryogenic conduction cooling scheme, test systems design, and test program plans will be discussed.
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022
LQXFA/B production series cryogenic assemblies are being built for the LHC upgrade by the HL-LHC ... more LQXFA/B production series cryogenic assemblies are being built for the LHC upgrade by the HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP). These contain a pair of MQXFA quadrupole magnets combined as a cold mass within a vacuum vessel, and are to be installed in the IR regions of the LHC. The LQXFA/B are being tested at 1.9 K to assess alignment and magnetic performance at Fermilab's horizontal test facility. The ~10 m-long assembly must meet stringent specifications for quadrupole strength and harmonic field integrals determination, magnetic axis location, and for variations in axis position and local field profile. A multi-probe, PCB-based rotating coil and Single Stretched Wire system are employed for these measurements. To accurately determine rotating coil location and angles within the cold mass, a laser tracker is utilized to record multiple targets at one end of the probe. This paper describes the measurements, probes/equipment, and techniques used to perform the necessary characterization of the cold mass.
A software system has been developed to automate cavity tuning machines as part of a multi-labora... more A software system has been developed to automate cavity tuning machines as part of a multi-laboratory collaboration. The system is based on a plugin framework containing a configurable set of components. Each component runs asynchronously and uses a framework for message based communication. Components run in either manual or automatic mode. In automatic mode, the system interprets a user-selected control script which executes a sequence of measurements, model calculations and tuning operations. A tuning script iterates until the prescribed tuning criteria are satisfied, or until aborted or paused by the user. In manual mode, the user controls the tuning process, deciding when and which component to run, and when tuning is complete. The software framework incorporates the blackboard architecture for sharing data and results between the various plugins. The results of the measurements and tuning are persisted in an XML-based data store, and components exist that retrieve and visualize the data. The software system is portable (Linux, Windows) and has been successfully deployed and used by Fermilab, DESY, and KEK.
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022
A quench detection system was developed for protecting and monitoring the superconducting solenoi... more A quench detection system was developed for protecting and monitoring the superconducting solenoids for the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment (Mu2e) at Fermilab. The quench system was designed for a high level of dependability and long-term continuous operation and is based on three tiers: Tier-I, FPGA-based Digital Quench Detection (DQD); Tier-II, Analog Quench Detection (AQD); and Tier-III, quench controls and data management system. The Tier-I and Tier-II are completely independent and fully redundant systems. The Tier-III system is based on National Instruments (NI) C-RIO and provides the user interface for quench controls and data management. It is independent from Tiers I & II. The DQD provides both quench detection and quench characterization (monitoring) capability. Both DQD and AQD have built-in high voltage isolation and user programmable gains and attenuations. The DQD and AQD also includes user configured current dependent thresholding and validation times. A 1 st article of the three-tier system was fully implemented on the new Fermilab magnet test stand for the HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP). It successfully provided quench protection and monitoring for a cold superconducting bus test in November 2020 and later for the AUP magnets. A detailed description of the system along with results from the AUP superconducting bus test and the pre-series magnet tests will be presented.
11th International Conference on Magnet Technology (MT-11), 1990
All superconducting dipole and quadrupole magnets for the proton-electron collider HERA are subje... more All superconducting dipole and quadrupole magnets for the proton-electron collider HERA are subjected to extensive cold tests comprising measurements on maximum field capability, field integral, field direction and field uniformity. The magnets measured so far exceed the design performance by a safe margin. Special attention is devoted to the field distortions caused by persistent eddy currents and to their time dependence.
Current trends in the architectures of software systems focus our attention on building systems u... more Current trends in the architectures of software systems focus our attention on building systems using a set of loosely coupled components, each providing a specific functionality known as service. It is not much different in control and monitoring systems, where a functionally distinct sub-system can be identified and independently designed, implemented, deployed and maintained. One functionality that renders itself perfectly to becoming a service is archiving the history of the system state. The design of such a service and our experience of using it are the topic of this article. The service is built with responsibility segregation in mind, therefore, it provides for reducing data processing on the data viewer side and separation of data access and modification operations. The service architecture and the details concerning its data store design are discussed. An implementation of a service client capable of archiving EPICS process variables and LabVIEW shared variables is present...
Superconducting-final-focus-quadrupole magnet system (QCS) were installed on an interaction regio... more Superconducting-final-focus-quadrupole magnet system (QCS) were installed on an interaction region (IR) of SuperKEKB on Feb. 2017. The QCS consists of eight quadrupole magnets and four compensation solenoids; these magnets are contained in the two cryostats and are installed into Belle II detector which generates a solenoid field of 1.5 T. We determined the quadrupole centers with respect to accelerator beam lines with a single stretched wire (SSW) method. Here the results of the magnetic measurement with SSW are presented.
SuperKEKB is now being operated with the final focus system as the phase-2 commissioning from Mar... more SuperKEKB is now being operated with the final focus system as the phase-2 commissioning from March 16th, 2018. The final focus system is the key device to attain the target luminosity of 8 ×1035 cm-2 s-1. Designing the system had started from 2009, and the construction was completed in March 2017. The final focus system consists of 55 superconducting magnets, and they were assembled carefully in two cryostats under the very tight space constraints. This paper describes the design configuration of the system, and reports the results of the commissioning on the beam lines in the SuperKEKB interaction region. INTRODUCTION SuperKEKB [1, 2] is the upgraded accelerator of KEKB [3], and the special feature of SuperKEKB is in the point where the nano-beam scheme [4] was applied to the colliding method. The beams of 7 GeV electrons as the high energy ring (HER) and 4 GeV positrons as the high energy ring (LER) collide at the interaction point (IP) with the large crossing angle of 83 mrad. T...
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016
The Fermilab Mu2e experiment has been developed to search for evidence of charged lepton flavor v... more The Fermilab Mu2e experiment has been developed to search for evidence of charged lepton flavor violation through the direct conversion of muons into electrons. The transport solenoid is an s-shaped magnet that guides the muons from the source to the stopping target. It consists of 52 superconducting coils arranged in 27 coil modules. A full-size prototype coil module, with all the features of a typical module of the full assembly, was successfully manufactured by a collaboration between INFN-Genoa and Fermilab. The prototype contains two coils that can be powered independently. To validate the design, the magnet went through an extensive test campaign. Warm tests included magnetic measurements with a vibrating stretched wire and electrical and dimensional checks. The cold performance was evaluated by a series of power tests and temperature dependence and minimum quench energy studies.
Designing a Magnetic Measurement Data Acquisition and Control System with Reuse in Mind: A Rotating Coil System Example, 2021
Accelerator magnet test facilities frequently need to measure different magnets on differently eq... more Accelerator magnet test facilities frequently need to measure different magnets on differently equipped test stands and with different instrumentation. Designing a modular and highly reusable system that combines flexibility built-in at the architectural level as well as on the component level addresses this need. Specification of the backbone of the system, with the interfaces and dataflow for software components and core hardware modules, serves as a basis for building such a system. The design process and implementation of an extensible magnetic measurement data acquisition and control system are described, including techniques for maximizing the reuse of software. The discussion is supported by showing the application of this methodology to constructing two dissimilar systems for rotating coil measurements, both based on the same architecture and sharing core hardware modules and many software components. The first system is for production testing 10 m long cryo-assemblies containing two MQXFA quadrupole magnets for the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider and the second for testing IQC conventional quadrupole magnets in support of the accelerator system at Fermilab.
Toward an Architecture of a Component-Based System Supporting Separation of Non-Functional Concerns
Abstract—The promises of component-based technology can only be fully realized when the system co... more Abstract—The promises of component-based technology can only be fully realized when the system contains in its design a necessary level of separation of concerns. The authors propose to focus on the concerns that emerge throughout the lifecycle of the system and use them as an architectural foundation for the design of a component-based framework. The proposed model comprises a set of superimposed views of the system describing its functional and non-functional concerns. This approach is illustrated by the design of a specific framework for data analysis and data acquisition and supplemented with experiences from using the systems developed with this framework at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Keywords—Distributed system, component-based technology, separation of concerns, software development, supervisory and control,QoS
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Papers by Jerzy Nogiec