Papers by Farid Golnaraghi
Sensors, Jun 20, 2023
Breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) require precise and accurate eva... more Breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) require precise and accurate evaluation of treatment response. Residual cancer burden (RCB) is a prognostic tool widely used to estimate survival outcomes in breast cancer. In this study, we introduced a machine-learningbased optical biosensor called the Opti-scan probe to assess residual cancer burden in breast cancer patients undergoing NAC. The Opti-scan probe data were acquired from 15 patients (mean age: 61.8 years) before and after each cycle of NAC. Using regression analysis with k-fold cross-validation, we calculated the optical properties of healthy and unhealthy breast tissues. The ML predictive model was trained on the optical parameter values and breast cancer imaging features obtained from the Opti-scan probe data to calculate RCB values. The results show that the ML model achieved a high accuracy of 0.98 in predicting RCB number/class based on the changes in optical properties measured by the Opti-scan probe. These findings suggest that our ML-based Opti-scan probe has considerable potential as a valuable tool for the assessment of breast cancer response after NAC and to guide treatment decisions. Therefore, it could be a promising, non-invasive, and accurate method for monitoring breast cancer patient's response to NAC.
Translation of a portable diffuse optical breast scanner probe for clinical application: a preliminary study
Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, Feb 3, 2020
Most breast cancer lesions absorb higher levels of near-infrared (NIR) radiation compared to heal... more Most breast cancer lesions absorb higher levels of near-infrared (NIR) radiation compared to healthy breast tissue due to its increased vascularity. Oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) primarily found in cancerous vascular lesions, absorbs higher levels of radiation in the 650 nm to 850 nm wavelength range than the surrounding fatty tissue and water in the human breast. NIR diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) provides real-time functional and compositional information based on the optical properties of biological tissues, which cannot be accomplished by other portable breast imaging modalities. Here we present the first set of clinical trials using a non-invasive, hand-held diffuse optical breast scanner (DOB-Scan probe3) to capture in vivo cross-sectional images of the breast. The scanner uses four NIR illuminating sources with different wavelengths, 690 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, and 850 nm, to determine the concentrations of the four main constituents of breast tissue, oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2), deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb), water (H2O), and fat. In this paper, we briefly explain the hardware design and image reconstruction algorithm of the DOB-Scan probe, the data collection process, and the imaging results of four different participants, selected from twenty, all who are diagnosed with breast cancer. For each patient, images were scanned from two locations, the first over the cancerous lesion and the second over the same region on the contralateral healthy breast, as a means of establishing controls for comparison. During each scan, four cross-sectional images of the breast, corresponding to four different NIR wavelengths, are reconstructed and displayed on a user interface for reference. Clinical results confirm that the absorption coefficients of cancerous lesions are significantly higher than the normal surrounding tissue. We propose to deploy the probe to effectively identify cancerous breast tissue at an early stage in a primary care setting, which could increase the efficiency of screening programs.
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Mar 1, 2022
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) leverages near-infrared light propagation through tissue to asse... more Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) leverages near-infrared light propagation through tissue to assess its optical properties and identify abnormalities. DOT image reconstruction is an ill-posed problem due to the highly scattered photons in the medium and the smaller number of measurements compared to the number of unknowns. Limited-angle DOT reduces probe complexity at the cost of increased reconstruction complexity. Reconstructions are thus commonly marred by artifacts and, as a result, it is difficult to obtain an accurate reconstruction of target objects, e.g., malignant lesions. Reconstruction does not always ensure good localization of small lesions. Furthermore, conventional optimization-based reconstruction methods are computationally expensive, rendering them too slow for real-time imaging applications. Our goal is to develop a fast and accurate image reconstruction method using deep learning, where multitask learning ensures accurate lesion localization in addition to improved reconstruction. We apply spatial-wise attention and a distance transform based loss function in a novel multitask learning formulation to improve localization and reconstruction compared to single-task optimized methods. Given the scarcity of realworld sensor-image pairs required for training supervised deep learning models, we leverage physics-based simulation to generate synthetic datasets and use a transfer learning module to align the sensor domain distribution between in silico and real-world data, while taking advantage of cross-domain learning. Applying our method, we find that we can reconstruct and localize lesions faithfully while allowing real-time reconstruction. We also demonstrate that the present algorithm can reconstruct multiple cancer lesions. The results demonstrate that multitask learning provides sharper and more accurate reconstruction.
A Mindlin Plate Element for Distributed Sensing and Control Using a Linear/Nonlinear Dynamic Coupling Strategy
The intention of this work is to generate a mathematical model of a plate with collocated piezoel... more The intention of this work is to generate a mathematical model of a plate with collocated piezoelectric actuators/sensors to be used for control purposes. The proposed control method is a linear/nonlinear dynamic coupling technique developed by the ConStruct group at the University of Waterloo. The performance of the plate with attached layers of piezoelectric material is evaluated by a finite element model. Test results show that the application of this theory along with an appropriate choice of basis functions allows the analysis of a wide range of thicknesses. This approach avoids shear locking, and provides excellent accuracy, and convergence characteristics.
Kinematic Constraint Instability Mechanism
Springer eBooks, 2010
The third and final instability mechanism in the lead screw drives is the kinematic constraint. I... more The third and final instability mechanism in the lead screw drives is the kinematic constraint. In Sect. 4.3, Painleve’s paradoxes were introduced and – through simple examples – it was shown that under the conditions of the paradoxes, the rigid body equations of motion of a system with frictional contact do not have a bounded solution or the solution is not unique. We have also discussed the relationship between Painleve’s paradoxes and the kinematic constraint instability mechanism.
Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, Mar 1, 2016
Di®use Optical Spectroscopy (DOS) is a promising non-invasive and non-ionizing technique for brea... more Di®use Optical Spectroscopy (DOS) is a promising non-invasive and non-ionizing technique for breast anomaly detection. In this study, we have developed a new handheld DOS probe to measure optical properties of breast tissue. In the proposed probe, the breast tissue is illuminated with four near infrared (NIR) wavelengths light emitting diodes (LED), which are encapsulated in a package (eLEDs), and two PIN photodiodes measure the intensity of the scattered photons at two di®erent locations. The proposed technique of using eLEDs is introduced, in order to have a multi-wavelength pointed-beam illumination source instead of using the laser-coupled ¯beroptic technique, which increases the complexity, size, and cost of the probe. Despite the fact that the proposed technique miniaturizes the probe and reduces the complexity of the DOS, the study proves that it is accurate and reliable in measuring optical properties of the tissue. The measurements are performed at the rate of 10 Hz which is suitable for dynamic measurement of biological activity, in-vivo. The multi-spectral evaluation algorithm is used to reconstruct four main absorber concentrations in the breast including oxy-hemoglobin (cHb), deoxy-hemoglobin (cHbO2), water (cH2O), fat (cFat), and average scattering coe±cient of the medium, as well as concentration changes in Hb (ÁcHb) and HbO2 (ÁcHbO2). Although the probe is designed for breast cancer diagnosis, it can be used in a wide range of applications for both static and dynamic measurements such as functional brain imaging. A series of phantoms, comprised of Delrin r , Intralipid r , Pierce TM and Black ink, are used to verify performance of the device. The probe will be tested on human subjects, in-vivo, in the next phase.
Springer eBooks, 2011
except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection wit... more except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
Journal of microelectromechanical systems, Oct 1, 2017
This paper reports on the design and characterization of an H-shaped microresonator exhibiting no... more This paper reports on the design and characterization of an H-shaped microresonator exhibiting nonlinear modal interactions due to 2:1 internal resonance. This has been made possible through careful design of the structure with attention to the limits of microfabricated devices. The intended nonlinear dynamics rely on the continuous transfer of energy between the anti-phase motions of two H-like proof masses of the device to a mode along the orthogonal direction. Finite element and reduced order models of the structure were developed and used to design the devices with two desired flexural modes in a ∼2:1 frequency ratio. The microresonator was fabricated in a commercial foundry process. Extensive experiments and transient simulations were conducted to verify the desired nonlinear responses and the models. It was demonstrated that the low-frequency mode of the device was excited through autoparametric excitation of the higher frequency mode when the excitation level exceeded a specific threshold as expected. The device design methodologies can be employed to fabricate various sensors, including nonlinear Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes incorporating 2:1 internal resonance.
Non-Linear Modelling of Hydraulic Mounts: Theory and Experiment
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2002
This paper focuses on the development of a complete non-linear model of a hydraulic engine mount ... more This paper focuses on the development of a complete non-linear model of a hydraulic engine mount and the evaluation of the model using a unique experimental apparatus. The model is capable of capturing both the low- and high-frequency behavior of hydraulic mounts. The results presented here provide a significant improvement over existing models by considering all non-linear aspects of a
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, Oct 1, 2004
The detection of the onset of damage in gear systems is of great importance to industry. In this ... more The detection of the onset of damage in gear systems is of great importance to industry. In this paper, a new neuro-fuzzy diagnostic system is developed, whereby the strengths of three robust signal processing techniques are integrated. The adopted techniques are: the continuous wavelet transform (amplitude) and beta kurtosis based on the overall residual signal, and the phase modulation by employing the signal average. Three reference functions are proposed as post-processing techniques to enhance the feature characteristics in a way that increases the accuracy of fault detection. Monitoring indexes are derived to facilitate the automatic diagnoses. A constrained-gradient-reliability algorithm is developed to train the fuzzy membership function parameters and rule weights, while the required fuzzy completeness is retained. The system output is set to different monitoring levels by using an optimization procedure to facilitate the decision-making process. The test results demonstrate that the novel neuro-fuzzy system, because of its adaptability and robustness, significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy. It outperforms other related classifiers, such as those based on fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy schemes, which adopt different types of rule weights and employ different training algorithms.
Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering, Jul 23, 2012
A solution to the state estimation problem of systems with unmeasurable non-zero mean inputs/dist... more A solution to the state estimation problem of systems with unmeasurable non-zero mean inputs/disturbances, which do not satisfy the disturbance decoupling conditions, is given using the Kalman filtering and Bayesian estimation theory. The proposed estimation algorithm, named Supervisory Kalman Filter (SKF), consists of a Kalman filter with an extra update step which is inspired by the particle filtering technique. The extra step, called supervisory layer, numerically solves the measurement equations for the portion of the state vector that cannot be estimated by the Kalman filter. First, it produces N randomly generated state vectors, the particles, which are distributed based on the Kalman filter's last updated estimate. Then, the estimated measurement vector associated with each particle is compared to the actual measurement vector to identify the particle's probability to be a solution. Finally, a so-called resampling stage is implemented to refine the particles with higher likelihoods. The effectiveness of the SKF is demonstrated by comparing its estimation performance with that of the standard Kalman Filter and the particle filter for a vehicle state estimation problem. The estimation results confirm that the SKF precisely estimates those states of the vehicle that cannot be estimated by either the Kalman filter or the particle filter, regardless of the unknown disturbances from the road. The filtering methodology offered in the article has a potential to improve performance of the systems presented in the patents WO2011115960, WO2010024751, US8073528, and US20110299730.
An Experimental Case Study
Springer eBooks, 2010
ABSTRACT In this chapter, the friction-induced vibration of the lead screws incorporated in the h... more ABSTRACT In this chapter, the friction-induced vibration of the lead screws incorporated in the horizontal drive mechanism of a type of powered seat adjuster is studied. The horizontal drive mechanism is constructed of two parallel lead screw slider systems. Torque is transmitted from a DC motor to the two lead screws through worm gearboxes. Flexible couplings connect the gearboxes to the motor and to the two lead screws. The nuts are stationary and are connected to the seat frame. The lead screw sliders together with the motor and gearboxes move with the seat as the lead screws advance in the nuts. In some cases, an extra force applied (by the passenger) in the direction of motion causes the system to generate audible noise, which is unacceptable to the car manufacturer.
Design of a hybrid electromagnetic/hydraulic damper for automotive suspension systems
Abstract-Vehicle suspension systems have been extensively explored in the past decades, contribut... more Abstract-Vehicle suspension systems have been extensively explored in the past decades, contributing to ride comfort, handling and safety improvements. The new generation of power-train and propulsion systems, as a new trend in modern vehicles, poses significant challenges to suspension ...
International journal of sports and exercise medicine, Feb 13, 2020
In this work, a new test rig is introduced to assess various head impact scenarios on different t... more In this work, a new test rig is introduced to assess various head impact scenarios on different types of helmets. The test rig is a free-fall system where a helmeted headform is suspended instead of being placed on a basket frame and detaches from the system before the impact allowing an unrestricted motion. The proposed testbed showed to be effective in performing helmet impact tests at different angles. The test rig is particularly effective in tests at steep anvil angles, such as 15°, which could be problematic utilizing conventional test rigs with a basket frame. This is because, right before impacting the anvil, the helmeted headform is detached from the system enabling the helmeted headform to move freely during impact. In addition, the test results showed low CVs and high repeatability within the same impact scenario. The results showed that the proposed test rig could perform oblique impact tests on a wide range of angles without causing damage to the test rig. The results of the impact tests also suggest both the magnitude and duration of an impact are necessary for a more effective assessment of helmet performance.
Journal of biomedical sciences, 2017
Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) are non-invasive breast c... more Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) are non-invasive breast cancer assessment modalities which employ near-infrared (NIR) light to measure optical properties of biological tissue. These properties cannot be measured by other methods including X-ray mammography, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which are main breast cancer diagnosis tools. The objective of this paper is to test and validate a recently designed and developed hand-held continuous-wave radio-frequency modulated diffuse optical spectroscopy probe in a clinical trial performed on patients who diagnosed to have breast cancer. The probe has an encapsulated light emitting diode (eLED) including four wavelengths (690 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm and 850 nm) and two photodiodes located in reflectance geometry. The direct approach method has been used to extract concentration of two main chronophers in the breast tissue including deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) and oxy-hemoglobin (HbO 2 ). The results of the clinical trial, which included fourteen patients, show that the RF-DOS probe can correctly classify the cancerous lesion from healthy tissue in the breast. The results prove that the absorption coefficient of the breast tumor is higher than normal tissue due to higher vascularization level in four mentioned wavelengths. Conclusively, the results show 92 percent sensitivity for the extracted absorption coefficient.
Design and Characterization of a Tuning Fork Microresonator Based on Nonlinear 2:1 Internal Resonance
This paper focuses on the design of a tuning fork microresonator that utilizes its inherent inert... more This paper focuses on the design of a tuning fork microresonator that utilizes its inherent inertial nonlinearities for its operation. Two orthogonal in-plane modes of the microresonator are carefully designed so that the natural frequency ratio between the higher and the lower frequency modes is close to two. When we electrostatically excite the higher frequency mode with the excitation voltage higher than some threshold, the lower frequency mode gets autoparametrically excited due to a nonlinear resonance phenomenon known as two-to-one (2:1) internal resonance. We employed the MEMS Integrated Design for Inertial Sensors (MIDIS), a high vacuum bulk-micromachining process, by Teledyne Dalsa to fabricate the proposed microresonator. We then experimentally demonstrate the 2:1 internal resonance phenomenon occurring in the resonator and highlight its applicability in developing the resonating MEMS based sensors.
Sky-Hook Control for a Regenerative Suspension System
This paper proposes a mechatronic suspension system with capabilities of energy regeneration and ... more This paper proposes a mechatronic suspension system with capabilities of energy regeneration and sky- hook (SK) control incorporated into the mechanism. The system overcomes the tradeoffs between energy consumption and ride comfort in an active suspension system. Central to the concept is development of a coupled switched-mode rectifier (SMR) capable of providing either a positive or negative damping ratio by alternating between regenerative and motoring modes. Using the proposed circuit, an active sky-hook control strategy is utilized to offer continuous damping force that improves the vibration isolation significantly. Simulation results presented demonstrate the directions of power flow in both regenerating and motoring modes to verify performance of the SMR.
Design of a Novel Fuzzy Controller to Enhance Stability of Vehicles
Page 1. Design of a Novel Fuzzy Controller to Enhance Stability of Vehicles Mohammad Biglarbegian... more Page 1. Design of a Novel Fuzzy Controller to Enhance Stability of Vehicles Mohammad Biglarbegian William Melek Farid Golnaraghi ... xx (5) In equation (5), rx is the yaw rate. The roll equation can be expresses as: 0 ( ) s s sy I C K m gh m gha ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ + + − = xx x (6) ...
A novel neuro-fuzzy controller to enhance the performance of vehicle semi-active suspension systems
Vehicle System Dynamics, Aug 1, 2008
Page 1. Vehicle System Dynamics Vol. 46, No. 8, August 2008, 691711 A novel neuro-fuzzy controll... more Page 1. Vehicle System Dynamics Vol. 46, No. 8, August 2008, 691711 A novel neuro-fuzzy controller to enhance the performance of vehicle semi-active suspension systems Mohammad Biglarbegian, William Melek and Farid Golnaraghi* ...
Active Vibro-Acoustic Control of a Flexural Plate
Using a Rayleigh-Ritz approximation to model the transverse vibration of the Poisson-Kirchoff pla... more Using a Rayleigh-Ritz approximation to model the transverse vibration of the Poisson-Kirchoff plate an energy based linear coupling control (LCC) strategy, for free and forced vibrations of the plate, is developed. The controller seeks to minimize a quadratic control objective and is implemented for a reduced order model by coupling a virtual second order system with each critical mode in the quadratic control objective. The energy transfer phenomena between each mode and the controller is maximized by coupling the appropriate states of the plant and the controller. Energy is transfered from the plant to the controller where it is dissipated via linear damping.
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Papers by Farid Golnaraghi