International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology
Phishing is a common method of tricking people int disclosing their entire personal information b... more Phishing is a common method of tricking people int disclosing their entire personal information by using fake websites. Phishing records process tool URLs are used to steal personal information such as customer names, passwords, and online banking activities. Phishers (assailants) employ websites with rectangular diplomas that are visually and semantically similar to the real ones. As the century progressed, phishing strategies advanced swiftly, and this might be avoided by employing anti-phishing technologies to detect phishing. A strong gadget that is frequently utilized in the direction of phishing attacks is machine planning to apprehend. The capabilities used for detection and detection strategies by using Machine Learning have also been investigated in the suggested system.
Background Ovarian adenocarcinoma is not generally discovered in patients until there has been wi... more Background Ovarian adenocarcinoma is not generally discovered in patients until there has been widespread intraperitoneal dissemination, which is why ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. Though incompletely understood, the mechanism of peritoneal metastasis relies on primary tumor cells being able to detach themselves from the tumor, escape normal apoptotic pathways while free floating, and adhere to, and eventually invade through, the peritoneal surface. Our laboratory has previously shown that the Golgi glycosyltransferase, ST6Gal-I, mediates the hypersialylation of β1 integrins in colon adenocarcinoma, which leads to a more metastatic tumor cell phenotype. Interestingly, ST6Gal-I mRNA is known to be upregulated in metastatic ovarian cancer, therefore the goal of the present study was to determine whether ST6Gal-I confers a similarly aggressive phenotype to ovarian tumor cells. Methods Three ovarian carcinoma cell lines were screened for ST6Gal-I expression, and...
OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency and type of diabetic retinopathy in different age groups. ... more OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency and type of diabetic retinopathy in different age groups. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive Case series study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Ophthalmology Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS) Hyderabad, from February 2009 to January 2010. METHODS: Two hundred and forty four patients of diabetes mellitus (DM) were randomly selected and grouped out into 30-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, 61-70 years and more than 70 years of age. Each patient was evaluated for diabetic retinopathy (DR) by fundoscopy and Fundus Fluorescence Angiography (FFA). The retinopathy was graded as 0-3 grade; grade 0= no DR, grade 1= mild DR, grade 2= moderate to severe DR and grade 3= proliferative DR. The different risk factors (age, gender, duration of DM, treatment type and hypertension) were evaluated in relation to diabetic retinopathy. RESULT: Among 244 patients, 149 were males and 95 were females. Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 100 (40.94%) patients. Mean duration of DM was 13 years in patients with DR and 7.5 years in patients without DR. Most of the DR was found in 40-60 years of age. Out of 244 subjects 25% patients were found with grade 1, 6.96% patients with grade 2 and 9.01% patients were found with grade 3 diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSION: Most of the diabetic retinopathy cases were below the age of 60-years, and majority of DR cases presented with type 1 diabetic retinopathy.
Here we report that myeloid cells differentiating along the monocyte/macrophage lineage down-regu... more Here we report that myeloid cells differentiating along the monocyte/macrophage lineage down-regulate the ST6Gal-I sialyltransferase via a protein kinase C/Ras/ERK signaling cascade. In consequence, the 1 integrin subunit becomes hyposialylated, which stimulates the ligand binding activity of ␣51 fibronectin receptors. Pharmacologic inhibitors of protein kinase C, Ras, and MEK, but not phosphoinositide 3-kinase, block ST6Gal-I down-regulation, integrin hyposialylation, and fibronectin binding. In contrast, constitutively active MEK stimulates these same events, indicating that ERK is both a necessary and sufficient activator of hyposialylationdependent integrin activation. Consistent with the enhanced activity of hyposialylated cell surface integrins, purified ␣51 receptors bind fibronectin more strongly upon enzymatic desialylation, an effect completely reversed by resialylation of these integrins with recombinant ST6Gal-I. Finally, we have mapped the N-glycosylation sites on the 1 integrin to better understand the potential effects of differential sialylation on integrin structure/function. Notably, there are three N-glycosylated sites within the 1 I-like domain, a region that plays a crucial role in ligand binding. Our collective results suggest that variant sialylation, induced by a specific signaling cascade, mediates the sustained increase in cell adhesiveness associated with monocytic differentiation.
The ST6Gal-I glycosyltransferase, which adds α2-6-linked sialic acids to glycoproteins, is overex... more The ST6Gal-I glycosyltransferase, which adds α2-6-linked sialic acids to glycoproteins, is overexpressed in colon adenocarcinoma, and enzyme activity is correlated with tumor cell invasiveness. Previously we reported that forced expression of oncogenic ras in HD3 colonocytes causes upregulation of ST6Gal-I, leading to increased α2-6 sialylation of β1 integrins. To determine whether ras-induced sialylation is involved in promoting the tumor cell phenotype, we used shRNA to downregulate ST6Gal-I in ras-expressors, and then monitored integrin-dependent responses. Here we show that forced ST6Gal-I downregulation, leading to diminished α2-6 sialylation of integrins, inhibits cell adhesion to collagen-I, a β1 ligand. Correspondingly, collagen binding is reduced by enzymatic removal of cell surface sialic acids from ras-expressors with high ST6Gal-I levels (i.e., no shRNA). Cells with forced ST6Gal-I downregulation also exhibit decreased migration on collagen-I and diminished invasion through Matrigel. Importantly, GD25 cells, which lack β1 integrins (and ST6Gal-I), do not demonstrate differential invasiveness when forced to express ST6Gal-I, suggesting that the effects of variant sialylation are mediated specifically by β1 integrins. The observation that cell migration and invasion can be blocked in oncogenic ras-expressing cells by forcing ST6Gal-I downregulation implicates differential sialylation as an important ras effector, and also suggests that ST6Gal-I is a promising therapeutic target.
Given that hydroxyapatite (HA) biomaterials are highly efficient at adsorbing proadhesive protein... more Given that hydroxyapatite (HA) biomaterials are highly efficient at adsorbing proadhesive proteins, we questioned whether functionalizing HA with RGD peptides would have any benefit. In this study, we implanted uncoated or RGD-coated HA disks into rat tibiae for 30 minutes to allow endogenous protein adsorption, and then evaluated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) interactions with the retrieved disks. These experiments revealed that RGD, when presented in combination with adsorbed tibial proteins (including fibronectin, vitronectin and fibrinogen), has a markedly detrimental effect on MSC adhesion and survival. Moreover, analyses of HA disks implanted for 5 days showed that RGD significantly inhibits total bone formation as well as the amount of new bone directly contacting the implant perimeter. Thus, RGD, which is widely believed to promote cell/biomaterial interactions, has a negative effect on HA implant performance. Collectively these results suggest that, for biomaterials that are highly interactive with the tissue microenvironment, the ultimate effects of RGD will depend upon how signaling from this peptide integrates with endogenous processes such as protein adsorption.
Ultra smooth nanostructured diamond (USND) can be applied to greatly increase the wear resistance... more Ultra smooth nanostructured diamond (USND) can be applied to greatly increase the wear resistance of orthopaedic implants over conventional designs. Herein we describe surface modification techniques and cytocompatibility studies performed on this new material. We report that hydrogen (H)-terminated USND surfaces supported robust mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion and survival, while oxygen (O) and fluorine (F)-terminated surfaces resisted cell adhesion, indicating that USND can be modified to either promote or prevent cell/biomaterial interactions. Given the favorable cell response to H-terminated USND, this material was further compared with two commonly-used biocompatible metals, titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and cobalt chrome (CoCrMo). MSC adhesion and proliferation were significantly improved on USND compared with CoCrMo, although cell adhesion was greatest on Ti-6Al-4V. Comparable amounts of the proadhesive protein, fibronectin, were deposited from serum on the three substrates. Finally, MSCs were induced to undergo osteoblastic differentiation on the three materials, and deposition of a mineralized matrix was quantified. Similar amounts of mineral were deposited onto USND and CoCrMo, whereas mineral deposition was slightly higher on Ti-6Al-4V. When coupled with recently published wear studies, these in vitro results suggest that USND has the potential to reduce debris particle release from orthopaedic implants without compromising osseointegration.
This article summarizes the major categories of ethical violations encountered during submission,... more This article summarizes the major categories of ethical violations encountered during submission, review, and publication of scientific articles. We discuss data fabrication and falsification, plagiarism, redundant and duplicate publication, conflict of interest, authorship, animal and human welfare, and reviewer responsibility. In each section, pertinent historical background and citation of relevant regulations and statutes are provided. Furthermore, a specific case(s) derived from actual situations is(are) presented. These cases were chosen to highlight the complexities that investigators and journals must face when dealing with ethical issues. A series of discussion questions follow each case. It is our hope that by increasing education and awareness of ethical matters relevant to scientific investigation and publication, deviations from appropriate conduct will be reduced.
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Papers by Faheem Shaikh