Festus Adejoro

Follower

Following

Public Views

Uploads

Papers by Festus Adejoro

Techniques Used to Determine Botanical Composition, Intake, and Digestibility of Forages by Ruminants

Agronomy

The botanical and chemical composition of diets consumed by ruminants is different from the compo... more The botanical and chemical composition of diets consumed by ruminants is different from the composition of plant species available in the rangeland or pastures on which they graze. Exploring alternative and improving existing methods of estimating botanical composition (diet selection) is imperative in advancing sustainable feeding practices in extensive production systems. The ability to predict the intake and digestibility of the diet consumed is important in designing grazing management for different feeding systems as well as supplementation strategies. This facilitates the efficient use of feed resources for optimal animal performance. This review assesses the merits, limitations, and potential advancements in techniques used to estimate botanical composition, forage intake, and digestibility in ruminants. Supplements containing sufficient quantity and identifiable n-alkanes can be used to determine the total forage intake in grazing ruminants without dosing the animals with sy...

Download

Influence of supplementing Guinea grass with differently processed African yam bean on gas production and in vitro digestibility

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2020

This study evaluated the potential utilisation of African yam bean (AYB) seed as a supplement to ... more This study evaluated the potential utilisation of African yam bean (AYB) seed as a supplement to Guinea grass on in vitro gas and methane (CH 4) production, as well as the effect of processing on AYB nutritive value. In experiment 1, unprocessed AYB meal at 10, 15, 20, and 25% inclusion levels was added to Guinea grass substrate and evaluated for in vitro gas production, CH 4 , and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). In experiment 2, the effect of soaked, boiled, toasted, and fermented AYB meal at 20% inclusion on in vitro fermentation was evaluated. In vitro gas production as well as in vitro organic matter digestibility of Guinea grass increased with AYB supplementation. The associative effect of Guinea grass with AYB showed an increase in gas and CH 4 production. At 20% inclusion level, AYB processing methods did not affect the gas production, CH 4 , and IVOMD of the substrate. Fermentation improved the crude protein, iron, and zinc contents, reduced acid detergent fibre concentration but did not reduce the concentrations of alkaloid, total phenol, saponin, and trypsin inhibitors of AYB. Seed soaking for 48 h reduced the total phenol, tannin, oxalate, and phytate content, while seed boiling reduced the concentrations of alkaloid, total phenol, tannin, and trypsin inhibitors. Compared with the raw AYB, boiling is the most effective processing method to reduce the investigated phytochemicals, followed by soaking, toasting, and fermentation, in that order.

Download

Gas Production, Digestibility and Efficacy of Stored or Fresh Plant Extracts to Reduce Methane Production on Different Substrates

Animals, 2020

Natural compounds such as plant secondary metabolites (PSM) can be used to replace antibiotic gro... more Natural compounds such as plant secondary metabolites (PSM) can be used to replace antibiotic growth promoters as rumen modifiers. In this study, the effectiveness of stored and freshly extracted Aloe vera (AV), Azadirachta indica (AZ), Moringa oleifera (MO), Jatropha curcas (JA), Tithonia diversifolia (TD) and Carica papaya (CP) crude extract and monensin on in vitro gas and methane production, organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were evaluated using a total mixed ration (TMR), lucerne or Eragrostis curvula substrates. Fresh extracts were processed from the same batch of frozen (−20 °C) plant material a few days before the trial while the stored extracts were extracted and stored at 4 °C for 12 months prior to the study. Extraction was done by solubilising 50 g freeze-dried plant material in 500 mL 100% methanol. Four mL of reconstituted 50 mg crude extract per 1000 mL distilled water was added per incubation vial, which already contained 400 mg subs...

Download

Replacing urea with nitrate as a non-protein nitrogen source increases lambs' growth and reduces methane production, whereas acacia tannin has no effect

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2019

Replacing urea with nitrate as a non-protein nitrogen source increases growth and reduces methane... more Replacing urea with nitrate as a non-protein nitrogen source increases growth and reduces methane production, while acacia tannin has no effect in lambs Festus Adeyemi Adejoro (Conceptualization) (Methodology) (Software) (Validation) (Formal analysis) (Investigation) (Data curation) (Writing-original draft) (Writing-review and editing), Abubeker Hassen (Conceptualization) (Methodology) (Software) (Validation) (Formal analysis) (Investigation) (Resources) (Data curation) (Writing-review and editing) (Visualization) (Supervision) (Project administration) (Funding acquisition), Abiodun Mayowa Akanmu (Data curation) (Writing-review and editing) (Visualization), Diego P. Morgavi (Writing-review and editing) (Visualization)

Download

Effect of Lipid-Encapsulated Acacia Tannin Extract on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility and Methane Emission in Sheep

Animals, 2019

Tannins have become important phytochemicals in ruminant production, due to their wide range of b... more Tannins have become important phytochemicals in ruminant production, due to their wide range of biological activities. The use of a crude extract often comes with limitations, such as reduced feed intake and fibre digestibility, which could be overcome by the use of encapsulated tannin extract. In this study, four rumen-cannulated Merino wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of encapsulating Acacia mearnsii tannin extract on intake, nutrient digestibility, and methane emission. The animals were placed on one of the following diets: control diet only, diet + silvafeed (Silvafeed ByPro, 10 g/kg feed), diet + Acacia tannin extract (ATE), 40 g/kg feed), and, diet + lipid-encapsulated-ATE (palm oil encapsulated ATE, 50 g/kg feed) in 4 cycles. Wethers were offered an Eragrotis and Lucerne hay-based total mixed ration diet above maintenance requirement with forage: concentrate ratio 50:50. Silvafeed, a commercial tannin additive, was used as a positive co...

Download

Preparation of acacia tannin loaded lipid microparticles by solid-in-oil-in-water and melt dispersion methods, their characterization and evaluation of their effect on ruminal gas production In Vitro

PLOS ONE, 2018

Tannin extracts have wide biological activity in ruminant nutrition. The possibility of masking t... more Tannin extracts have wide biological activity in ruminant nutrition. The possibility of masking their bitter taste and enhancing sustained release in the rumen can be achieved through encapsulation. The objectives of this study were to prepare an encapsulated Acacia tannin extract (ATE) suitable for ruminants using the solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) method, and to evaluate the microparticles in terms of morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release under varying pH. Subsequently, the effect of the microparticles on rumen in vitro gas and methane production would be evaluated. Lipid microparticles were prepared using the double emulsion process with palm oil and lard, dichloromethane, and Tween80/ Span80 emulsifiers. The microparticles produced by S/O/W emulsion tended to be smaller (P = 0.06), and had greater encapsulation efficiency compared with those produced by the melt dispersion method. Scanning electron micrographs showed microparticles had stable cylindrical and spherical shapes, with mean size of 34± 10.2 μm. Maximum encapsulation efficiencies of 78.6% and 80.1% were obtained with lard and palm oil as lipid wall materials, respectively, even under high core material loading percentage of 80%. Wall material type did not affect the characteristics of microparticles. In acetate buffer, only about 20% of tannin was released from the lipid-encapsulated microparticles into buffer media after 24 hours. In contrast, about 90% of the tannin had been released into solution before eight hours in the crude extract. Lipid-encapsulated ATE reduced rumen gas and methane production in vitro (P <0.05) in both Eragrostis and total mixed ration (TMR) diet substrates, but the magnitude of reduction was lower than that obtained when unencapsulated ATE was the additive (10% vs 20% for total gas and 17% vs 24% for methane). Crude ATE and palm oil encapsulated ATE reduced the concentration of methane in sampled gas (P = 0.054) when fermenting the TMR substrate, but this effect was not observed in the Eragrostis substrate. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was greater in encapsulated ATE compared with the crude ATE (P <0.001). These results show that the lipid-encapsulated ATE produced smallsized and more uniform microparticles, with high encapsulation efficiency compared with

Download

Characterization of starch and gum arabic-maltodextrin microparticles encapsulating acacia tannin extract and evaluation of their potential use in ruminant nutrition

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2018

The use of tannin extract and other phytochemicals as dietary additives in ruminants is becoming ... more The use of tannin extract and other phytochemicals as dietary additives in ruminants is becoming more popular due to their wide biological actions such as in methane mitigation, bypass of dietary protein, intestinal nematode control, among other uses. Unfortunately, some have strong astringency, low stability and bioavailability, and negatively affecting dry matter intake and digestibility. To circumvent these drawbacks, an effective delivery system may offer a promising approach to administer these extracts to the site where they are required. The objectives of this study were to encapsulate acacia tannin extract (ATE) with native starch and maltodextrin-gum arabic and to test the effect of encapsulation parameters on encapsulation efficiency, yield and morphology of the microparticles obtained as well as the effect on rumen in vitro gas production. Methods: The ATE was encapsulated with the wall materials, and the morphological features of freeze-dried microparticles were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro release pattern of microparticles in acetate buffer, simulating the rumen, and its effect on in vitro gas production was evaluated. Results: The morphological features revealed that maltodextrin/gum-arabic microparticles were irregular shaped, glossy and smaller, compared with those encapsulated with native starch, which were bigger, and more homogenous. Maltodextrin-gum arabic could be used up to 30% loading concentration compared with starch, which could not hold the core material beyond 15% loading capacity. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 27.7%±6.4% to 48.8%±5.5% in starch and 56.1%±4.9% to 64.8%±2.8% in maltodextrin-gum arabic microparticles. Only a slight reduction in methane emission was recorded in encapsulated microparticles when compared with the samples containing only wall materials. Conclusion: Both encapsulated products exhibited the burst release pattern under the pH conditions and methane reduction associated with tannin was marginal. This is attributable to small loading percentages and therefore, other wall materials or encapsulation methods should be investigated.

Download

In vitro methane and gas production characteristics of Eragrostis trichopophora substrate supplemented with different browse foliage

Animal Production Science, 2016

An in vitro gas production study was conducted to evaluate the potential of six browse species (h... more An in vitro gas production study was conducted to evaluate the potential of six browse species (high, medium and low condensed tannin concentrations) collected from the Kalahari Desert as antimethanogenic additives to an Eragrostis trichopophora-based substrate. The browse species studied were Acacia luederitzii, Monechma incanum, Acacia erioloba, Acacia haematoxylon, Olea europaea and Acacia mellifera. The edible forage dry matter of the browse species were incubated with Eragrostis trichopophora in a 30 : 70 (w/w) ratio by adding 40 mL of a buffered rumen fluid at 39°C for 48 h. Gas and methane production at different time intervals after incubation were determined whereas the volatile fatty acids concentration was evaluated after 48 h. Acacia luederitzii and M. incanum foliage decreased methane production by more than 50%, but simultaneously decreased digestibility, and rumen fermentation parameters such as volatile fatty acids concentration. Tannin extracts from A. luederitzii c...

Download

Encapsulation efficiency and particle size of Acacia tannin extract-lipid microparticles prepared using melt dispersion and solid-in-oil-water encapsulation techniques

Encapsulation efficiency and particle size of Acacia tannin extract-lipid microparticles... more

Scanning electron microscopy images of freeze-dried Acacia tannin extract lipid microparticles prepared by solid-in-oil-in-water encapsulation method using (a) lard and (b) palm oil

Scanning electron microscopy images of freeze-dried Acacia tannin extract lipid micropar... more

Influence of Acacia tannin extract and lipid-encapsulated Acacia tannin extract (ETEL, ETEP) on in vitro gas production, methane, and fermentation parameters of Eragrostis curvula hay and total mixed ration feeds

Influence of Acacia tannin extract and lipid-encapsulated Acacia tannin extract (ETE<... more Influence of Acacia tannin extract and lipid-encapsulated Acacia tannin extract (ETEL, ETEP) on in vitro gas production, methane, and fermentation parameters of Eragrostis curvula hay and total mixed ration feeds.</p

Release profiles of Acacia tannin extract and tannin extract microparticles encapsulated with lard and palm oil prepared by solid-in-oil-in-water encapsulation method in (A) acetate (0.1M, pH 5.5), (B) phosphate buffer (0. I M, pH 7.4) and (C) HCl buffer (0.1M, pH 2.2)

Release profiles of Acacia tannin extract and tannin extract microparticles encapsulated... more

Nutritional quality of wet distillers’ grains co–ensiled with whole–plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

Scientia Agricola

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding ... more The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co-ensiling with whole-plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole-plant maize (WPM) co-ensiled with WDGS (WPM-WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p < 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPM-WDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS-based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p < 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMS-based diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, co-ensiling WDGS with whole-plant maize provides the opportunity for the long-term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Download

Effects of Enzyme in Palm Kernel Meal-Based Diet on Blood, Carcass, and Organ Weights in Weaners Pigs

Journal of Animal Health and Production, 2020

P alm kernel meal (PKM) is an abundant agro-industrial by-product from the oil processing mill wi... more P alm kernel meal (PKM) is an abundant agro-industrial by-product from the oil processing mill with potential nutritive value for livestock feeding. The chemical composition of PKM showed that it has crude protein (CP) concentration of 14-18% and moderate energy value (10.6 MJ/kg DM) (Kim et al., 2016; Sathitkowitchai et al., 2018). These values are dependent on processing techniques which affect the ether extract and crude fibre content (Ojediran et al., 2020). However, PKM has high levels of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as mannan, xylan which limits its utilisation as feed for non-ruminant animals (Adeola and Cowieson, 2011; Sharmila et al., 2014). The cell wall components of PKM consists of 58% mannan, 12% cellulose and 4% xylan (Sathitkowitchai et al., 2018). Furthermore, PKM is coarse-textured, gritty in appearance and high viscosity which tend to decrease nutrient absorption (Ojediran et al., 2020).

Download

In vitro methane production of eragrostis hay treated with graded levels of urea or nitrate

The European Community’s Framework Program (FP7/2007– 2013) through the ANIMAL CHANGE project (gr... more

Download

Growth Performance, Blood Profile, and Carcass Characteristics of Weaned Pigs Fed Low Crude Protein Diets Supplemented with Lysine

Tropical Animal Science Journal, 2021

Supplementing low crude protein (CP) diets for pigs with exogenous amino acid may help improve gr... more Supplementing low crude protein (CP) diets for pigs with exogenous amino acid may help improve growth performance, minimize the environmental impact associated with nitrogen loss and improve the sustainability of pork production. A total number of thirty (30) Large white x Landrace weaned pigs between the age of 8-10 weeks and an average weight of 11.5 ± 0.39 kg were used to evaluate the effect of lysine supplementation of a low CP diet on growth performance, blood profile, and carcass characteristics of weaner piglets. Weaned pigs were acclimatized for seven days, randomly allotted to five (5) dietary treatments with six weaners per treatment and fed a weaner diet based on maize-soybean while wheat bran and dried cassava peel were added to balance the diet nutrients. The animals were allocated to either a control diet containing 22.6% CP or a diet with 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10% reduction in diet CP. Each animal consumed the respective diet for six weeks during which growth performance was monitored. Afterward, 5 mL of blood was sampled for analysis, and all the pigs were slaughtered for carcass analysis. Average daily gain, total weight gain, and average daily intake were not significantly different across the groups (p>0.05). While feed cost per kg was lower with the 7.5% and 10% diet CP reduction (p<0.05), feed cost per weight gain was not different across the animals. Most haematological and serum biochemical variables were not affected by CP reduction, while carcass weight was equally not affected by diet CP (p>0.05). However, the abdominal fat percentage of carcass reduced slightly with the reduced diet CP. Therefore, up to 10% reduction in diet CP from 22.6%, with 0.1% lysine supplementation, had no negative impact on growth without compromising the immunity indicators of weaned pigs. Furthermore, there was no negative consequence on carcass characteristics and the primal cuts.

Download

Haematology and Serum Biochemical Indices of Lambs Supplemented with Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas and Aloe vera Leaf Extract as Anti-Methanogenic Additives

Medicinal plants have been found to be effective in a wide range of applications in ruminant anim... more Medicinal plants have been found to be effective in a wide range of applications in ruminant animals. However, some plant extracts may be toxic to animals, depending on their seconday metabolite composition and dose, and therefore, animal trials are needed to validate their safety when used as anti-methanogenic additives. This study investigated the effect of three plant extracts used as anti-methanogenic dietary additives, on the haematology and serum biochemical parameters in sheep. Methanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera (MO), Jatropha curcas (JC) and Aloe vera (AV) were orally dosed as experimental treatments for 75 days to sheep, and their effect on the haematology and serum biochemical parameters of SA Mutton Merino (SAMM) lambs were compared with sheep on a control treatment without any additive treatment. Extracts of MO, JC and AV were extracted in 100% methanol, freeze-dried, and reconstituted in distilled water. A total of 40 lambs were ranked according to their body weight into a group of four and one sheep at a time was randomly allocated into four dietary treatments which include a control treatment, and treatment with either MO, JC or AV extract. Lambs were drenched twice daily with doses equivalent to 50 mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI) based on previous week feed consumption. Blood samples were collected via jugular vein puncture and analysed for haematology and serum biochemistry parameters, using standard procedures. The results of the haematological analysis showed that most haematological parameters were not affected by plant extract used as anti-methanogenic additives (p > 0.05), except for higher white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocytes counts recorded in control lambs and lambs in the AV treatment. All serum biochemical properties (except alkaline phosphatase) were not different (p > 0.05) between the control and lambs treated with plant extracts. Alkaline phosphatase was influenced by the plant extract (p < 0.05), with lambs receiving MO, JC and AV having lower alkaline phosphatase concentrations compared to lambs on the control diet without any additive. The result of the study showed that extracts of MO, JC and AV were not toxic to sheep when used as antimethanogenic additives at the recommended dose of 50 mg/kg dry matter feed which had proved previously to be effective in reducing enteric methane emission. Therefore, these plant extracts could be used safely as alternative dietary additives to reduce enteric methane emission and boost the productivity of SA Mutton Merino sheep.

Download

Effect of sun-dried, soaked and cooked wild cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) meal on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers

Livestock Research for Rural Development

ABSTRACT

Morphometrical Indices of Dwarfism in the West African Dwarf Sheep as Compared to the Yankassa Sheep

Genetic improvement is currently being focused on indigenous breeds because of their special attr... more Genetic improvement is currently being focused on indigenous breeds because of their special attributes that make them adaptable to their local environments. The West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep is a very important breed in this category but the morphometrical indicators of dwarfism undermines its utility as a good meat type because it is short and small bodied. This study seeks to investigate the morphometrical indicators of this syndrome-dwarfism on the West African Dwarf sheep. Eleven body measurements (wither height, body length, foreleg length, thorax depth, horck length, rump length, face length, face width, rear leg length, Cannon bone length and shin length were determined by using 150 (94 males and 56 females) matured West African dwarf sheep and 120 (77 males and 43 females) Yankassa sheep for phenotypic comparison. All animals were aged between four and five years. Results revealed that all body measurements were significantly higher in the Yankassa sheep than in the West African Dwarf sheep except shin length where no significant differences exists. The West African Dwarf Sheep appear long bodied with a short stature, while the Yankassa sheep stood tall with a compact body size relative to its height; a characteristic common to desert animals. Body size reduction was more drastic in wither height (19.51%), fore leg length (23.01%),rear leg length (21.33%) and Cannon bone length (45.26%) than body length (12.36%), thorax depth (13.17%) and horck length (11.23%), revealing a pattern of disproportionate reduction which was more prominent in the limbs. Body indices values shows that the West African Dwarf Sheep has a higher depth index of 0.51 as against 0.47 in the Yankassa sheep but the Yankassa shows superiority in height index (0.875), area index (4489.34) and rump index (0.922) as compared to 0.837, 3167.13 and 0.922 in WAD, respectively. More effort is required as regards studying the activities of the dwarf gene and also environmental interaction on gene as it affects limb development in sheep.

Download

Morphobiometric Characterization Of The Balami Sheep Of Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Festus Adejoro

Uploads

Papers by Festus Adejoro

Log In