Elena Kunaeva

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Ensuring the Quality of Mathematical Training of 9TH Grade Students as an Actual Pedagogical Problem

The article provides data on the reasons for the lack of adequate quality of mathematical trainin... more The article provides data on the reasons for the lack of adequate quality of mathematical training of 9th grade students in general educational organizations of Russia based on the analysis of the results of the state final certification, shows their conditionality primarily with problems of a motivational and substantive nature. The proposals on the prospects of pedagogical research focused on solving the problem of ensuring the quality of mathematical training of graduates of the basic secondary school in the conditions of the implementation of the third generation of the Federal State Educational Standard are considered.

Present Glaciers and Their Dynamics in the Arid Parts of the Altai Mountains

Geosciences, Nov 17, 2017

This research is based on multiyear in-situ observations, analysis of satellite and aerial imager... more This research is based on multiyear in-situ observations, analysis of satellite and aerial imagery, meteorological data, and mass balance index calculations. Presently, 659 glaciers cover a total area of 322.1 km 2. We identified four favorable, two neutral, and five unfavorable longer intervals of glacier development since 1940. A decelerating of glacial retreat took place in the 1960s and in the late 1980s/early 1990s. The strong decline in glacial mass between 1995 and 2009 resulted in a fast reduction of the glacial area (0.9% year −1 on the northern slope of Tavan Bogd, 1.5% year −1 at Mongun-Taiga), mostly due to the degradation of small glaciers; after 2009, the glacial loss slowed down. Large valley glaciers behaved asynchronously until recently, when their retreat accelerated rapidly reaching in some cases over 40 m•year −1. Degradation of the accumulation zone and separation of the debris-covered parts of the glaciers are characteristic for the glacial retreat in the region of research. The time of reaction of the fronts of four valley glaciers of Mongun-Taiga and the northern slope of Tavan Bogd on climatic fluctuations is estimated between 11 and 20 years. Over the next decade, high rates of glacial degradation are expected.

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Glacier Recession in the Altai Mountains after the LIA Maximum

Remote Sensing, Mar 20, 2022

The study aims to reconstruct the Altai glaciers at the maximum of the LIA, to estimate the reduc... more The study aims to reconstruct the Altai glaciers at the maximum of the LIA, to estimate the reduction of the Altai glaciers from the LIA maximum to the present, and to analyze glacier reduction rates on the example of the Tavan Bogd mountain range. Research was based on remote sensing and field data. The recent glaciation in the southern part of the Altai is estimated (1256 glaciers with the total area of 559.15 ± 31.13 km 2 ), the area of the glaciers of the whole Altai mountains is estimated at 1096.55 km 2 . In the southern part of Altai, 2276 glaciers with a total area of 1348.43 ± 56.16 km 2 were reconstructed, and the first estimate of the LIA glacial area for the entire Altai mountain system was given (2288.04 km 2 ). Since the LIA, the glaciers decrease by 59% in the southern part of Altai and by 47.9% for the whole Altai. The average increase in ELA in the southern part of Altai was 106 m. The larger increase of ELA in the relatively humid areas was probably caused by a decrease in precipitation. Glaciers in the Tavan Bogd glacial center degraded with higher rates after 1968 relative to the interval between 1850-1968. One of the intervals of fast glacier shrinkage in 2000-2010 was caused by a dry and warm interval between 1989 and 2004. However, the fast decrease in glaciers in 2000-2010 was mainly caused by the shrinkage or disappearance of the smaller glaciers, and large valley glaciers started a fast retreat after 2010. The study results present the first evaluation of the glacier recession of the entire Altai after the LIA maximum.

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Shrinkage of Glaciers in Eastern Altai (Shapshal Center) after the Little Ice Age Maximum

Water Resources

Ensuring the Quality of Mathematical Training of 9TH Grade Students as an Actual Pedagogical Problem

Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Trends in the development of science and Global challenges»

Glacier Recession in the Altai Mountains after the LIA Maximum

Remote Sensing, 2022

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Glacier Recession in Altay Mountains after the LIA Maximum

The recent glaciation of the southern part of the Altai is estimated (1256 glaciers with the tota... more The recent glaciation of the southern part of the Altai is estimated (1256 glaciers with the total area of 559.15±31.13 km2), the area of the glaciers of the whole Altai mountains is evaluated by 1096.55 km2. In the southern part of Altai 2276 glaciers with the total area of 1348.43±56.16 km2 were reconstructed, the first estimate of the LIA glacial area for the whole Altai mountain system is given (2288.04 km2). Since the LIA the glaciers decrease by 59% in the southern part of Altai and by 47.9% for the whole Altai. The ELA in the southern part of Altai increased averagely by 106 m. The higher changes of ELA in relatively humid areas is probably caused by decrease of precipitation. Glaciers of Tavan Bogd glacial center degraded with higher rates after 1968 relative to the interval between 1850-1968. One of the intervals of the fastest shrinkage of the glaciers in 2000-2010 was caused by unfavorable for the glaciers dry and warm interval 1989-2004. However, the fast decrease of the...

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Total Phosphorus Estimating in River Luga, Gulf of Finland, by Landsat 5 (TM)Satellite Imagery

Journal Scientific and Technical Of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 2017

Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeoclimate, glacier and treeline reconstruction based on geomorphic evidences in the Mongun-Taiga massif (south-eastern Russian Altai)

Orographic map of the Mongun-Taiga massif and neighbouring mountain ranges with the insert in the... more Orographic map of the Mongun-Taiga massif and neighbouring mountain ranges with the insert in the upper left showing the study area on the Eurasian continent. The Mongun-Taiga mountain massif is situated in the southeastern periphery of the Russian Altai mountains. It is located within the internal drainage basin of the Mongolian Great Lakes. The highest peak has an elevation of 3971 m a.s.l. Climate and upper treeline The climate of the massif is cold and arid. According to data of the closest meteorological station Mugur-Aksy (1830 m a.s.l., 50° 22′ 45″ N, 90° 26′ 0″ E; WMO code 362780: about 30 km to the northeast of the massif) the average annual precipitation is 160 mm, the mean summer temperature is 12.0 °C and mean temperature about-3 °C. Forest vegetation is concentrated on the northern slopes of the massif with Larix Sibirica usually occurring between 2000 and 2400 m a.s.l. The upper treeline varies between 2400 m on northwestern slopes to 2300 on the northeastern slopes. The upper treeline of the northeastern slopes corresponds to an average summer temperature of 8.8 °C (Chistyakov et al., 2012). Glaciers Currently, there are 30 glaciers having a total area of 20.2 km 2 within the massif. Valley glaciers comprise over half of that area. The number of small hanging and cirque glaciers, however, is also significant. Usually, the largest glaciers develop on the leeward, northeastern slopes. The vertical extension of glaciation is from 3970 to 2900 m a.s.l. The average ELA for the glaciers of the Mongun-Taiga massif is at 3390 m a.s.l. The area is remote and there are almost no roads 2. Methods Glacier observations

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Palaeoclimate, glacier and treeline reconstruction based on geomorphic evidences in the Mongun-Taiga massif (south-eastern Russian Altai) during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene

Quaternary International, 2018

Little is known about the extent of glaciers and dynamics of the landscape in southeastern Russia... more Little is known about the extent of glaciers and dynamics of the landscape in southeastern Russian Altai. The effects of climate-induced fluctuations of the glaciers and the upper treeline of the Mongun-Taiga mountain massif were, therefore, reconstructed on the basis of in-situ, multiannual observations, geomorphic mapping, radiocarbon and surface exposure dating, relative dating (such as Schmidthammer and weathering rind) techniques and palaeoclimate-modelling. During the maximal advance of the glaciers, their area was 26-times larger than now and the equilibrium line of altitude (ELA) was about 800m lower. Assuming that the maximum glacier extent took place during MIS 4, then the average summer temperatures were 2.7℃ cooler than today and the amount of precipitation 2.1 times higher. Buried wood trunks by a glacier gave ages between 60 and 28 cal ka BP and were found 600-700m higher than the present upper treeline. This evidences a distinctly elevated treeline during MIS 3a and c. With a correction for tectonics we reconstructed the summer warming to have been between 2.1 and 3.0℃. During MIS 3c, the glaciated area was reduced to less than 0.5 km² with an increase of the ELA of 310-470m higher than today. Due to higher precipitation, the glaciated area during MIS 3a was close to the current ELA. Exposure dating (¹Be) would indicate that the maximum glacier extension was 24 ka BP, but the results are questionable. From a geomorphic point of view, the maximum extent can more likely be ascribed to the MIS4 stage. We estimate a cooling of summer temperature of-3.8 to-4.2℃ and a decrease in precipitation of 37-46% compared to the present-day situation. Samples of wood having an age of 10.6-6.2 cal ka BP were found about 350m higher than the present treeline. It seems that the summer temperature was 2.0-2.5℃ higher and annual precipitation was double that of the present-day. For that period, the reconstructed glaciation area was 1 km² less than today. Three neoglacial glacier advances were detected. The glaciers covered about double the area during the Little Ice Age (LIA), summer cooling was 1.3℃ with 70% of the present-day precipitation. The reconstructed amplitude of climatic changes and the shift of the altitudinal zones show that the landscape has reacted sensitively to environmental changes and that dramatic changes may occur in the near future.

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Interpretation of Glaciogenic Complexes From Satellite Images of the Mongun-Taiga Mountain Range

Geography and Natural Resources, 2018

This investigation is concerned with the problem of recognition of glacial landforms in arid moun... more This investigation is concerned with the problem of recognition of glacial landforms in arid mountainous areas of Asia using satellite imagery. We examine the territory of the Mongun-Taiga mountain range located at the interface of the Russian Altai, Sayan and Mongolian Altai mountains which has been studied for many years by geographers of St. Petersburg State University. The mountain range is home to modern glaciers totaling about 20 km in area, and its climate aridity is favorable for the preservation of a large body of evidence of ancient glaciation. The theoretical basis for this effort was provided by the idea of GC, i. e. natural complexes, the morphology and structure of which is formed by modern and ancient glaciations. Using the morphological differences we identified three groups of glaciogenic complexes and assigned their formation time to MIS 4, MIS 2, and to the Late Holocene. Results from comparing data of glacio-geomorphological and paleogeographical studies on the territory of the Mongun-Taiga mountain range with corresponding satellite images were used to develop interpretation standards for different groups of GC, forming the basis for compiling the map of GC of the second and third order for the entire mountain range. Cartometric measurements were used in obtaining the main characteristics of the glaciers of the Mogun-Taiga for ten different time spans. It is found that during the MIS 4 maximum the glaciers advanced to the piedmonts, and their area exceeded the present-day area by more than a factor of 25, with the firn line depression of about 800 m. The largest areas were occupied by glaciers of southward aspects, which is accounted for by a predominance of north-westward moisture-bearing glacial streams at that time. The aspect asymmetry of glaciation persisted during the MIS 2 maximum but it had a valley character. It is established that in the Little Ice Age the area of the glaciers exceeded the present-day area by a factor of 2.4, with the firn line depression of 20 m.

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Present Glaciers and Their Dynamics in the Arid Parts of the Altai Mountains

Geosciences, 2017

This research is based on multiyear in-situ observations, analysis of satellite and aerial imager... more This research is based on multiyear in-situ observations, analysis of satellite and aerial imagery, meteorological data, and mass balance index calculations. Presently, 659 glaciers cover a total area of 322.1 km 2 . We identified four favorable, two neutral, and five unfavorable longer intervals of glacier development since 1940. A decelerating of glacial retreat took place in the 1960s and in the late 1980s/early 1990s. The strong decline in glacial mass between 1995 and 2009 resulted in a fast reduction of the glacial area (0.9% year -1 on the northern slope of Tavan Bogd, 1.5% year -1 at Mongun-Taiga), mostly due to the degradation of small glaciers; after 2009, the glacial loss slowed down. Large valley glaciers behaved asynchronously until recently, when their retreat accelerated rapidly reaching in some cases over 40 m•year -1 . Degradation of the accumulation zone and separation of the debris-covered parts of the glaciers are characteristic for the glacial retreat in the region of research. The time of reaction of the fronts of four valley glaciers of Mongun-Taiga and the northern slope of Tavan Bogd on climatic fluctuations is estimated between 11 and 20 years. Over the next decade, high rates of glacial degradation are expected.

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Modern data on glaciation of the northern slope of Tavan-Bogdo-Ola massif (Altai)

Ice and Snow, 2017

As of 2015, 16 glaciers, their total area 23.46 km 2 and the weighted-mean altitude of the firn l... more As of 2015, 16 glaciers, their total area 23.46 km 2 and the weighted-mean altitude of the firn line 3335 m, were isolated on the Northern slope of the of the Tavan-Bogdo-Ola massif (Altai) on the basis of field studies and analysis of satellite images (Landsat-7, SPOT-5, Geoeye-1, CARTOSAT-1). The differences in elevation of the firn lines on the West and East of the investigated area reach 460 m, while the intensity of glaciation differs in 2 times due to changes of annual precipitation from 360 mm in the East to 880 mm in the West. Data on the glaciation had been improved and complemented for three time sections : 1962: , and 2009: . Since 1962, areas of the glaciers decreased by 24.3%. The largest rates of the glacial area decreasing took place in 2001-2009. Degradation of the upper parts of the glaciers and uncovered ice-dividing rocks played the major role in the process of retreating. In 2009-2015, the intensity of shortening of the glaciers decreased, and the degradation of their upper parts stopped. In 2000-2009, mainly small glaciers degraded. After 2009, small glaciers have slowed the decline with simultaneous increase of retreating of tongues of the valley glaciers. Abrupt (280 m) shortening of tongue was observed on the glacier Argamdgi-2-Western. This behavior of glacier could be caused by different rate of response to the dramatic warming within the period 1985-2000 and climate stabilization after 2000. If the climatic trends of the last 15 years will be the same in the coming years, we should expect continued rapid retreat of the tongues of the two largest glaciers of this massif along with the further slowdown of the retreat of small glaciers.

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Present Glaciers of Tavan Bogd Mountain Massif and Their Changes Since the LIA

The study is based on the results of long-term field studies, satellite and aerial data analysis.... more The study is based on the results of long-term field studies, satellite and aerial data analysis. In the maximum of the Little Ice Age (LIA) 243 glaciers with a total area of 353.4 km2 were reconstructed. By the results of interpretation of Corona images by 1968 the number of glaciers increased (236), the total area reduced to 242 km2. In 2010 glaciation was represented by 237 glaciers with a total area of 201 km2. Thus, from the maximum of the LIA, the glaciation of the Tavan-Bogd mountains decreased by 43%, which is somewhat less than the neighboring glacial centers (Ikh-Turgen, Tsambagarav, Tsengel-Khayrkhan and Mongun-Taiga mountains). The probable cause is the predominance of larger glaciers relatively resistant to warming and higher altitudes. The effect of glacier size on their stability is supported by differences in the relative shrinkage of glaciers in different parts of the Tavan-Bogdo-Ola massif: the smallest decline occurred in the basins of the Tsagan-Gol (31.7%) and S...

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Fluctuation of glaciers in the southeast Russian Altai and northwest Mongolia Mountains since the Little Ice Age maximum

Environmental Earth Sciences, 2015

Fig.10. The typical lengthwise profile of upper parts of troughs, current positions of some glaciers of the region and phases of retreat of the valley glaciers. 1- rocks and rock bars (rigels), 2- historical stage moraines, 3- LIA moraines, 4- oscillation moraine, 5- lake, 6- sander, 7- glacier, ...

Fig. 6. Deglaciation at high altitudes – Selverstova Glacier (Mongun-Taiga massif). A- aerial image of 1966, B- Landsat-8 image fragment (2013), C- a fragment of topograpfic map of mid-1960-s as a background for the pattern of delineation of the glacier in 2013, D- Photo of the glacier made in 19...

Fig 7

Fig. 4 Reconstructed mass balance change for the ELA (3300 m) of the valley glaciers of the north-eastern slope of Mongun-Taiga massif at the maximum of the LIA, mm w.e. 1- the end of “climatic” LIA, 2- probable start of general retreat of the glaciers, 3-7- time of formation of oscillation moraines

Fig. 1 The area of research and the centers of glaciation. The centers of glaciation are marked by indices (red): 1-Mongun-Taiga 2- Tsagan-Shibetu, 3- Turgen, 4- Kharkhiraa, , 5- Talduair -, 6- Mongun-Taiga-minor , 7- Chichacheva l, 8- Saylugem, 9- Tavan Bogd, 10-Nairamdal, 11- Sogostyn-Nuru, 12-...

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