Papers by Diogo de Freitas
É bem sabido que elementos religiosos germânicos pré-cristãos adentraram aquela forma de cristian... more É bem sabido que elementos religiosos germânicos pré-cristãos adentraram aquela forma de cristianismo que floresceu na Inglaterra anglo-saxã. Assim, é relevante identificar tais elementos germânicos e compreender o porquê e a relevância da reminiscência desses elementos pré-cristãos para essas populações anglo-saxãs. Ao analisarmos os seguintes corpora: determinados trechos da Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (731) de Beda como a carta de Gregório I a Melitos e a canção de Caedmon mais o poema O Sonho da Santa Cruz do século X e a cruz em pedra de Ruthwell, podemos visualizar a presença da religiosidade germânica no cristianismo anglo-saxão. Baccega (1995), Jolly (1996) e Cardoso (2003) são alguns dos acadêmicos que nos possibilitaram pensar a respeito da temática aqui apresentada.
Palavras-chave: Inglaterra anglo-saxã; Religião cristã; Religiosidade germânica
Bede’s letter to Bishop Egbert could very well be seen as an urgent call for immediate changes at... more Bede’s letter to Bishop Egbert could very well be seen as an urgent call for immediate changes at the Northumbrian Church. In his letter, the monk from Wearmouth-Jarrow denounces a series of abuses which were being committed by ecclesiastical members of his time. Not only does Bede’s writing denounce the clergy’s lack of moral values and negligence towards the preaching of the Word, but it also proposes specific actions to bring these issues to an end. This paper brings out some key elements from the referred historical source and tries to get some glimpses of a couple of Bede’s views on what the real Church should be like. Scholars such as Blair (1990), Brown (2010), DeGregorio (2010), Mayr-Harting (1991) and Yorke (2014) among other ones helped us to exploit the subjects which are brought here.
Key-words: Anglo-Saxon England; Church; Bede.
O poema anglo-saxão O Sonho da Santa Cruz, em inglês The Dream of the Rood, encontra-se preservad... more O poema anglo-saxão O Sonho da Santa Cruz, em inglês The Dream of the Rood, encontra-se preservado em duas fontes: no Livro de Vercelli, uma coleção de obras de cunho cristão escrita em prosa e verso, datada do final do século X e na Cruz de Ruthwell, uma cruz de pregação esculpida em pedra do século VIII, na qual a parte central do poema está gravada em runas (LAPIDGE et al., 2000: 145).
A beleza do poema aqui em foco já foi contemplada por diferentes autores e acadêmicos dedicados ao estudo de caráter histórico e/ou literário dos poemas de origem anglo-saxã. Declarações como as citadas a seguir demonstram o alto grau de qualidade dos versos de O Sonho da Santa Cruz: “That this is the finest, most imaginately conceived and most original of the OE religious poems few will dispute.” (HAMER, 2006: 159).2 “One of the most remarkable and beautiful of Old English poems is The Dream of the Rood.” (CAVILL, 1999: 133).3 “[...] the greatest Christian poem of the age and, indeed, one of the greatest religious poems in English literature.” (CROSSLEY-HOLLAND, 1996: 195).
Palavras-chave: Tradução; Sonho de Santa Cruz; Anglo-Saxão
O presente artigo busca traçar a empreitada militar de Boudicca, responsável por liderar uma das ... more O presente artigo busca traçar a empreitada militar de Boudicca, responsável por liderar uma das maiores revoltas da Britânia romana. Sob seu comando milhares de bretões uniram-se para desafiar o Império Romano em 61 d.C.
Palavras-chave: Britânia Romana; Revolta; Boudicca.
The present research aims at analysing J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit (2006) protagonist Bilbo Baggi... more The present research aims at analysing J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit (2006) protagonist Bilbo Baggins’ transformation from a predictable and ordinary person into a hero. The following research intends to propose a definition for the term hero; to introduce the literary piece The Hobbit (2006) and its protagonist Bilbo Baggins, focusing on his conflicting nature. Listing the events which were responsible for Bilbo’s transformation and identifying which features characterise Bilbo as a hero are the final two purposes of the current paper. J.R.R. Tolkien’s Fantasy Literature reveals us a universe full of magic and adventure. The crucial point in Tolkien’s fantasy work The Hobbit (2006) is its protagonist transformation from an ordinary individual into the hero of the narrated events. The author shows his readers how a simple being may come to play a pivotal role throughout his extraordinary deeds in a history, thus changing not only his fate but also his companions’ as well. Investigating the importance of such transformation for Tolkien (2006)’s work; how it takes place within the narration and listing the distinctive features which make Tolkien (2006)’s piece of writing protagonist a hero are issues which deserve to be exploited. It is expected that the referred transformation is relevant for The Hobbit (2006) in that it depicts Bilbo Baggins and his deeds playing a vital part as the story unfolds. As it is believed the aforementioned turning into a hero occurs when Bilbo is forced to take decisive actions in order to guarantee not only his survival but his friends’ as well. Chances are certain virtues such as compassion, mercy, courage, loyalty and a willing heart may be the ones which characterise Bilbo as a hero. Throughout a literature review, authors such as White (2013), Olsen (2012), Smith (2012), Tolkien (2012), Wiklander (2011), Campbell (2007), Anderson (2003), Heaney (2001) and Hodge (1986) were taken as references. The presented findings state that Bilbo Baggins is the hero in Tolkien’s The Hobbit (2006). Although the referred hobbit is quite not an example of a traditional hero, he proves his heroism in his own fashion by being merciful, keeping loyal to his friends, showing gratitude, managing to control his fear and having a noble spirit. Bilbo manages to counterbalance his lack of physical strength and all the suspicions that were put on him regarding whether he would be able to make the proposed adventurous journey. Bilbo does not become a hero overnight; on the contrary, it is a process which happens in a gradual way. However, it goes without saying Bilbo’s decisions and actions must be seen as a result from the circumstances in which he is involved. Only then, when he is already acquainted with the journey’s dangers, he decides to take actions on his own will, playing an active role and making the difference in The Hobbit (2006).
Keywords: English Literature; Fantasy; hero; J.R.R. Tolkien; The Hobbit.
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Papers by Diogo de Freitas
Palavras-chave: Inglaterra anglo-saxã; Religião cristã; Religiosidade germânica
Key-words: Anglo-Saxon England; Church; Bede.
A beleza do poema aqui em foco já foi contemplada por diferentes autores e acadêmicos dedicados ao estudo de caráter histórico e/ou literário dos poemas de origem anglo-saxã. Declarações como as citadas a seguir demonstram o alto grau de qualidade dos versos de O Sonho da Santa Cruz: “That this is the finest, most imaginately conceived and most original of the OE religious poems few will dispute.” (HAMER, 2006: 159).2 “One of the most remarkable and beautiful of Old English poems is The Dream of the Rood.” (CAVILL, 1999: 133).3 “[...] the greatest Christian poem of the age and, indeed, one of the greatest religious poems in English literature.” (CROSSLEY-HOLLAND, 1996: 195).
Palavras-chave: Tradução; Sonho de Santa Cruz; Anglo-Saxão
Palavras-chave: Britânia Romana; Revolta; Boudicca.
Keywords: English Literature; Fantasy; hero; J.R.R. Tolkien; The Hobbit.