Papers by Deepesh Machiwal
Evaluating effect of cover crops on runoff, soil loss and soil nutrients in an Indian arid region
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
ABSTRACT Estimates of the soil and nutrient losses are essential for design and planning of soil ... more ABSTRACT Estimates of the soil and nutrient losses are essential for design and planning of soil conservation measures in Indian arid region. This study aims at estimating rainfall-runoff, soil and nutrient losses from different cover crops, and to identify the best cover for checking soil loss. The study is conducted for 2013–2015 in research farm of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Station, Bhuj, Gujarat, India. Ten treatments comprising four sole-crop, that is, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), green gram (Vigna radiata), and cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and four cereal-legume intercropping with two controls (cultivated and unplowed fallows) are undertaken in randomized block design with three replications. Multi-slot divisors are fabricated and installed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed, and their interrelationships are explored. The highest soil loss is recorded from cultivated fallow (108.03 ± 49.95 kg.ha−1.yr−1) and unplowed fallow (78.95 ± 28.42 kg.ha−1.yr−1). Green gram is found effective in controlling soil loss as sole-crop (event-wise soil loss ~0.54–33.94 kg.ha−1) as well as intercropping with sorghum (event-wise soil loss ~0.60–23.37 kg.ha−1) and pearl millet (event-wise soil loss ~2.45–31.11 kg ha−1). ANOVA revealed significance (p < .05) of runoff-generating rainfall, crop cover, and their sole- and intercropping practices. Values of coefficient of determination (R2) indicated highly correlated (R2 ≥ 0.75) relationships of rainfall-runoff for all treatments, rainfall-soil loss for sole cereals and cultivated fallow, and runoff-soil loss for pearl millet and intercropping with green gram. This study concludes that cereal-legume intercropping diminishes the adverse impact of raindrops on soil erosion and crop production.
Journal of Agrometeorology
Three seasonal climatological time series, i.e., rainfall, minimum temperature, and maximum tempe... more Three seasonal climatological time series, i.e., rainfall, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature of Udaipur in three seasons, i.e. summer, rainy and winter were tested for the presence of homogeneity, stationarity, and trend components. Box plot indicated normality in the rainy season rainfall. Minimum temperature series of rainy season was more uniform and normal than summer and winter season time series. Maximum temperatures during rainy season follow normal distribution. Homogeneity of seasonal time series was tested by using von-Neumann, Cumulative Deviations and Bayesian tests, which indicated that all seasonal rainfall and maximum temperature time series were homogenous. Homogeneity was present only in summer and rainy season minimum temperature time series. Stationarity and trends in the time series were detected by using Mann-Whitney test and Mann-Kendall test, respectively, which suggested that stationarity was present in all seasonal maximum and minimum temperature,...
Modelling Daily Runoff and Probabilistic Estimation of Design Maximum Daily Runoff from Selected Watersheds of Udaipur, Rajasthan
Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 2011
Probabilistic estimation of one-day maximum runoff is essential for safe and cost-effective plann... more Probabilistic estimation of one-day maximum runoff is essential for safe and cost-effective planning and design of surface runoff storage systems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of developing countries. In present study, one-day maximum and consecutive 2 and 3-day maximum runoff were computed for eight watersheds of Udaipur, Rajasthan. Of the eight watersheds, six are interconnected and two are independent. Daily runoff was estimated for 30-year period by using Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model. The SCS-CN model was validated for one independent Bari watershed. Furthermore, 1, 2 and 3-day maximum runoff was fitted with three probability distributions (i.e., log normal, log Pearson type-III, and Gumbel). The chi-square goodness-of-fit test revealed that the best-fit distribution for the one-day maximum runoff from Bari, Chhota Madar, Lakhawali, Fatehsagarand Udaisagar watersheds is log Pearson type-III. Whereas, Gumbel is the best-tit distribution for re...
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2018
Knowledge of rainfall variability is important for regional-scale planning and management of wate... more Knowledge of rainfall variability is important for regional-scale planning and management of water resources in agriculture. This study explores spatio-temporal variations, trends, and homogeneity in monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall series of 62 stations located in arid region of Rajasthan, India using 55 year (1957-2011) data. Box-whisker plots indicate presence of outliers and extremes in annual rainfall, which made the distribution of annual rainfall right-skewed. Mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of rainfall reveals a high inter-annual variability (CV > 200%) in the western portion where the mean annual rainfall is very low. A general gradient of the mean monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall is visible from northwest to southeast direction, which is orthogonal to the gradient of CV. The Sen's innovative trend test is found over-sensitive in evaluating statistical significance of the rainfall trends, while the Mann-Kendall test identifies significantly increasing rainfall trends in June and September. Rainfall in July shows prominently decreasing trends although none of them are found statistically significant. Monsoon and annual rainfall show significantly increasing trends at only four stations. The magnitude of trends indicates that the rainfall is increasing at a mean rate of 1.11, 2.85, and 2.89 mm year −1 in August, monsoon season, and annual series. The rainfall is found homogeneous over most of the area except for few stations situated in the eastern and northwest portions where significantly increasing trends are observed. Findings of this study indicate that there are few increasing trends in rainfall of this Indian arid region.
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2018
This study investigated trends in 35 years (1979-2013) temperature (maximum, T max and minimum, T... more This study investigated trends in 35 years (1979-2013) temperature (maximum, T max and minimum, T min) and rainfall at annual and seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter) scales for 31 grid points in a coastal arid region of India. Boxwhisker plots of annual temperature and rainfall time series depict systematic spatial gradients. Trends were examined by applying eight tests, such as Kendall rank correlation (KRC), Spearman rank order correlation (SROC), Mann-Kendall (MK), four modified MK tests, and innovative trend analysis (ITA). Trend magnitudes were quantified by Sen's slope estimator, and a new method was adopted to assess the significance of linear trends in MK-test statistics. It was found that the significant serial correlation is prominent in the annual and post-monsoon T max and T min , and pre-monsoon T min. The KRC and MK tests yielded similar results in close resemblance with the SROC test. The performance of two modified MK tests considering variancecorrection approaches was found superior to the KRC, MK, modified MK with pre-whitening, and ITA tests. The performance of original MK test is poor due to the presence of serial correlation, whereas the ITA method is over-sensitive in identifying trends. Significantly increasing trends are more prominent in T min than T max. Further, both the annual and monsoon rainfall time series have a significantly increasing trend of 9 mm year −1. The sequential significance of linear trend in MK test-statistics is very strong (R 2 ≥ 0.90) in the annual and pre-monsoon T min (90% grid points), and strong (R 2 ≥ 0.75) in monsoon T max (68% grid points), monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter T min (respectively 65, 55, and 48% grid points), as well as in the annual and monsoon rainfalls (respectively 68 and 61% grid points). Finally, this study recommends use of variance-corrected MK test for the precise identification of trends. It is emphasized that the rising T max may hamper crop growth due to enhanced metabolic-activities and shortened crop-duration. Likewise, increased T min may result in lesser crop and biomass yields owing to the increased respiration.
International Journal of Climatology, 2016
ABSTRACTThis study aimed at identification of abrupt change points (CPs) and detection of gradual... more ABSTRACTThis study aimed at identification of abrupt change points (CPs) and detection of gradual trends in 34‐year (1980–2013) annual rainfall at nine stations of an Indian arid region. The CPs were determined by five tests and their significance was examined by two tests. Furthermore, trends were tested by three tests and their magnitudes were quantified by two tests. Novelty of the study lies in investigating significance of trends sequentially over years by applying Mann–Kendall (M–K) test. The identified CPs were similar for standard normal homogeneity test and cumulative deviations test at most stations. In contrast, Pettitt and Bayesian tests detected CP in years 2002 and 2005 at six and three stations, respectively, and their significance was verified. Results of sequential M–K test did not match with other tests' results. The mean annual rainfall after CP (350–627 mm) increased by 14–80% of the amount before CP (306–444 mm) with 7–42% reduction in coefficient of variati...
Applied Water Science, 2016
The present study determined aquifer parameters in hard-rock aquifer system of Ahar River catchme... more The present study determined aquifer parameters in hard-rock aquifer system of Ahar River catchment, Udaipur, India by conducting 19 pumping tests in largediameter wells. Spreadsheet programs were developed for analyzing pumping test data, and their accuracy was evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R). Histograms and Shapiro-Wilk test indicated non-normality (p value \0.01) of pre-and postmonsoon groundwater levels at 50 sites for years 2006-2008, and hence, logarithmic transformations were done. Furthermore, recharge was estimated using GISbased water table fluctuation method. The groundwater levels were found to be influenced by the topography, presence of structural hills, density of pumping wells, and seasonal recharge. The results of the pumping tests revealed that the transmissivity (T) ranges from 68-2239 m 2 /day, and the specific yield (S y) varies from 0.211 to 0.51 9 10-5. The T and S y values were found reasonable for the hard-rock formations in the area, and the spreadsheet programs were found reliable (RMSE *0.017-0.339 m; R [ 0.95). Distribution of the aquifer parameters and recharge indicated that the northern portion with high ground elevations (575-700 m MSL), and high S y (0.08-0.25) and T ([600 m 2 /day) values may act as recharge zone. The T and S y values revealed significant spatial variability, which suggests strong heterogeneity of the hard-rock aquifer system. Overall, the findings of this study are useful to formulate appropriate strategies for managing water resources in the area. Also, the developed spreadsheet programs may be used to analyze the pumping test data of large-diameter wells in other hard-rock regions of the world.
Evaluating persistence and identifying trends and abrupt changes in monthly and annual rainfalls of a semi-arid region in Western India
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2016
In this study, 43-year (1965–2007) monthly and annual rainfall time series of ten rainfall statio... more In this study, 43-year (1965–2007) monthly and annual rainfall time series of ten rainfall stations in a semi-arid region of western India are analyzed by adopting three tests for testing normality and by applying autoregressive technique for exploring persistence. Gradual trends are identified by three tests, and their magnitudes are assessed by the Sen’s slope estimator. Also, abrupt changes are detected by using four tests and they are further confirmed by two tests. Box-whisker plots revealed that the rainfalls of June and September are right skewed for all the stations. The annual rainfalls of Bhinder, Dhariawad, and Gogunda stations are found considerably right skewed. The normality tests indicated that the rainfall of July does not deviate from the normal distribution at all the stations. However, the annual rainfall is found non-normal at five stations. The monthly rainfalls of June, July, and August have persistence respectively at three (Mavli, Salumber, and Sarada), two (Kherwara and Sarada), and one (Mavli) stations, whereas the annual rainfall has persistence at Girwa and Mavli stations. Significantly increasing trend is detected at Mavli in the rainfall of July and in the annual rainfall (p value > 0.05), while the negative trend in August rainfall at Dhariawad is found significant (p value > 0.10). This study revealed that the presence of serial correlation does not affect the performance of the Mann-Kendall test. Mean values of trend magnitudes for the rainfalls of June, July, August, and September are 0.3, 0.8, −0.4, and 0.4 mm year−1, respectively, and the overall mean value for the annual rainfall is 0.9 mm year−1. It is found that the standard normal homogeneity test and the Pettitt test are biased towards the end of the series to locate a change point. Conversely, the Bayesian test has a tendency to look for a change point in the beginning of time series. Confirmed abrupt changes in the rainfall time series are found in the year 2003 (Bhinder) in June; years 1974 (Mavli) and 1989 (Dhariawad and Salumber) in July; years 1972 (Sarada), 1990 (Dhariawad), and 2003 (Mavli) in August; years 1977 (Dhariawad), 1991 (Sarada), and 2004 (Kotra) in September; and in the year 1972 (Mavli and Sarada stations) in the annual series. It is emphasized that the significantly increasing trend of rainfall may have linkages with climate change and/or variability. Finally, this study recommends use of multiple statistical tests for analyzing hydrologic time series in order to ensure reliable decisions.
Linear correlation analysis study of groundwater quality data for Udaipur district, Rajasthan state, India
Ecology, Environment and Conservation
Groundwater quality data for 53 sites from year 2005–2008 of Udaipur, district have been analyzed... more Groundwater quality data for 53 sites from year 2005–2008 of Udaipur, district have been analyzed for drinking and irrigation purposes. Correlation coefficients among different parameters were determined. An attempt has been made to develop linear regression equations to predict the concentration of water quality constituents having strong Positive correlation coefficients with electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS) sulphate (SO4), and nitrate (NO3). Our findings show that calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulphate, chloride, and nitrate are significantly related with electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid (TDS). This suggests that electrical conductivity depends on total dissolved solids which depend on salts such as NaCl, CaCl2. These positive correlations indicate that the referred elements contribute to the groundwater salinization. The usefulness of these linear regression equations in predicting the ground water quality is an approach, which can be appl...
Development of crop coefficient curves for different growth periods of kharif groundnut
Journal of agrometeorology
Infiltration modeling in submergence area of a water harvesting structure: a case study
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
Infiltration is vital for irrigated and rainfed agriculture. The knowledge of infiltration charac... more Infiltration is vital for irrigated and rainfed agriculture. The knowledge of infiltration characteristics of a soil is the basic information required for designing an efficient irrigation system and also to check efficacy of a water harvesting structure in recharging groundwater. The objective of the present study was to determine infiltration characteristics in submergence area of a rainwater harvesting structure in Khamnor block of Rajsamand, Rajasthan. A total of 10 infiltration tests were conducted in the study area using double-ring infiltrometers. The observed infiltration data from all the test sites were fitted to three selected infiltration models namely Kostiakov model, Kostiakov-Lewis model and Green-Ampt model. Selection of the best-fit infiltration model for each test site was made based on the goodness-of-fit criteria, i.e., coefficient of determination. Initial infiltration rate at 10 test sites varied from 0.2 to 2.0 cm min-1. Basic infiltration rate at the 10 test ...
Assessing groundwater quality variations using statistical techniques in Jaipur district of Rajasthan
Environmental Earth Sciences, 2015
Spatial and temporal dynamics of groundwater levels provides vital information required for manag... more Spatial and temporal dynamics of groundwater levels provides vital information required for management of fast depleting groundwater resources in hard-rock aquifer systems. This study demonstrates application of multivariate statistical techniques to analyze spatial and temporal variations of a 39-month period (May 2006-July 2009) monthly groundwater levels at 50 monitoring sites and to understand principal factors most influencing the groundwater system in Ahar River catchment of Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India. Box-whisker plots drawn for mean monthly groundwater levels revealed that spatial variation of the groundwater levels was less during rainy season in comparison to that during dry season. The groundwater levels in the aquifer system were found to be largely influenced by rainfall occurrences in the area. Firstly, hierarchical cluster analysis technique was applied to classify 50 monitoring sites into different clusters according to behaviour of the groundwater levels. This resulted into four clusters of the groundwater levels at less than 22 linkage distance. The most (25.29 m) and the least (6.48 m) spatial variability of the groundwater levels were observed for clusters III and I, respectively. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) technique was utilized to understand and identify the most significant variables influencing the groundwater levels in each of the four clusters of the monitoring sites. The first two principal components (PCs) explained 43-55 % of the total variance. Based on the PCA, the significant PCs for clusters I and II were characterized as 'topography factor'. On the other side, the significant PCs for clusters III and IV were termed as 'geomorphologic' and 'land use' factors, respectively.
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2015
This study aimed at characterization of rainfall dynamics in a hot arid region of Gujarat, India ... more This study aimed at characterization of rainfall dynamics in a hot arid region of Gujarat, India by employing time-series modeling techniques and sustainability approach. Five characteristics, i.e., normality, stationarity, homogeneity, presence/absence of trend, and persistence of 34-year (1980-2013) period annual rainfall time series of ten stations were identified/detected by applying multiple parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. Furthermore, the study involves novelty of proposing sustainability concept for evaluating rainfall time series and demonstrated the concept, for the first time, by identifying the most sustainable rainfall series following reliability (R y), resilience (R e), and vulnerability (V y) approach. Box-whisker plots, normal probability plots, and histograms indicated that the annual rainfall of Mandvi and Dayapar stations is relatively more positively skewed and non-normal compared with that of other stations, which is due to the presence of severe outlier and extreme. Results of Shapiro-Wilk test and Lilliefors test revealed that annual rainfall series of all stations significantly deviated from normal distribution. Two parametric t tests and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test indicated significant non-stationarity in annual rainfall of Rapar station, where the rainfall was also found to be non-homogeneous based on the results of four parametric homogeneity tests. Four trend tests indicated significantly increasing rainfall trends at Rapar and Gandhidham stations. The autocorrelation analysis suggested the presence of persistence of statistically significant nature in rainfall series of Bhachau (3-year time lag), Mundra (1-and 9-year time lag), Nakhatrana (9-year time lag), and Rapar (3-and 4-year time lag). Results of sustainability approach indicated that annual rainfall of Mundra and Naliya stations (R y =0.50 and 0.44; R e =0.47 and 0.47; V y =0.49 and 0.46, respectively) are the most sustainable and dependable compared with that of other stations. The highest values of sustainability index at Mundra (0.120) and Naliya (0.112) stations confirmed the earlier findings of R y-R e-V y approach. In general, annual rainfall of the study area is less reliable, less resilient, and moderately vulnerable, which emphasizes the need of developing suitable strategies for managing water resources of the area on sustainable basis. Finally, it is recommended that multiple statistical tests (at least two) should be used in time-series modeling for making reliable decisions. Moreover, methodology and findings of the sustainability concept in rainfall time series can easily be adopted in other arid regions of the world.
Using the living wisdom of well drillers to construct digital groundwater data bases across Indo-Gangetic basin
IAH - Selected Papers on Hydrogeology, 2009
... Board, Patna, India. CSE (2001), Dying wisdom: Rise, fall and potential of India&#x27;s t... more ... Board, Patna, India. CSE (2001), Dying wisdom: Rise, fall and potential of India&#x27;s traditional water harvesting systems,(eds) Agarwal, A., Narain S. and I. Khurana, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. Goovaerts, P ...
Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Variability and Probabilistic Prediction of Annual Rainfalls in a River Catchment of Udaipur, Rajasthan
Hydrology Journal, 2012
ABSTRACT Probabilistic forecasting of one-day maximum annual runoff is essential for safe and cos... more ABSTRACT Probabilistic forecasting of one-day maximum annual runoff is essential for safe and cost-effective planning and designing of surface runoff storage systems especially in arid and semi-arid regions of developing countries. In the present study, one-day maximum annual runoff is probabilistically forecasted at selected return periods for eight watersheds of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Of the eight selected watersheds in the study, seven are interconnected and one is independent. Total annual runoff from these watersheds for a period of 30 years was estimated by using Soil Conservation Service – Curve Number (SCS-CN) model. The estimated runoff is compared with the observed runoff for one independent reservoir (i.e., Bari) for validating the SCS-CN model for runoff estimation. It is found that SCS-CN model estimates runoff values well. Furthermore, seven kinds of regression models were fitted to annual rainfall and annual runoff values for individual watersheds. Based on coefficient of determination as the best-fit criteria, it is found that linear and polynomial regression models can be used for describing the relationship between annual rainfall and annual runoff for the watersheds of Udaipur. However, use of linear regression model is advantageous over the other models. Moreover, one-day and consecutive 2- and 3-day maximum annual runoff for eight individual watersheds were fitted with three selected probability distributions (i.e., log normal, log Pearson type-III, and Gumbel). The chi-squared test for goodness-of-fit was applied for selecting the best-fit distribution for consecutive days’ maximum runoff from individual watersheds. Based on the results of the Chi-square test, it was found that the best-fit distributions for describing the one-day annual maximum runoff from Bari, Chhota Madar, Lakhawali, Fatehsagar and Udaisagar watersheds is log Pearson type-III distribution. Similarly, the best-fit distribution for one-day annual maximum runoff from Pichhola, Bada Madar, and Chikalwas watersheds is Gumbel. Finally, one-day maximum annual runoff at selected return periods (i.e., 1.05, 1.11, 1.25, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30 years) were forecasted, which are very useful for safe and economic planning and design of soil and water conservation structures in the watersheds of Udaipur.
Trend and Homogeneity in Subsurface Hydrologic Variables: Case Study in a Hard-Rock Aquifer of Western India
Hydrologic Time Series Analysis: Theory and Practice, 2012
A comprehensive review on the applications of time series analysis in surface water hydrology, cl... more A comprehensive review on the applications of time series analysis in surface water hydrology, climatology and groundwater hydrology (Machiwal and Jha, 2006) revealed that although several studies deal with the application of time series analysis in surface water hydrology, the application of time series analysis in subsurface hydrology is greatly limited. In subsurface hydrology, time series analysis has been mostly used for detecting trends in groundwater quality (Loftis, 1996; Broers and van der Grift, 2004; Chang, 2008; Visser et al., 2009).
Hydrologic Time Series Analysis: Theory and Practice, 2012
Current Status of Time Series Analysis in Hydrological Sciences Time series analysis has been suc... more Current Status of Time Series Analysis in Hydrological Sciences Time series analysis has been successfully applied in the fields like geology, ocean engineering, seismology, hydrology, climatology, etc. The hydrological and climatological time series studies have been carried out for analyzing the historic rainfall data (e.g.
Statistical Characteristics of Hydrologic Time Series
Hydrologic Time Series Analysis: Theory and Practice, 2012
Any hydrologic time series can be appropriately analyzed when knowledge about the basic statistic... more Any hydrologic time series can be appropriately analyzed when knowledge about the basic statistical characteristics of the data series itself is first considered. Many time series analysis procedures are based on the assumptions that the time series possess certain characteristics which, in fact, are not true (Adeloye and Montaseri, 2002; Helsel and Hirsch, 2002; Rao et al., 2003). The results of such analyses based on false assumptions may provide incorrect and unreliable interpretations, or unnecessarily inconclusive. Therefore, it is essential to know about the common characteristics of hydrologic time series, which can help in selecting appropriate data analysis procedures for a given hydrologic time series.
Hydrologic Time Series Analysis: Theory and Practice, 2012
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Papers by Deepesh Machiwal