The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Software development companies are increasingly concerned about their impact on the environment. ... more Software development companies are increasingly concerned about their impact on the environment. This is translated into the incorporation of actions related to software sustainability in their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) document.
Energy consumption of software has been becoming increasingly significant, since it can vary acco... more Energy consumption of software has been becoming increasingly significant, since it can vary according to how the software has been developed. In recent years, developers and researchers have been interested in analyzing, among other things, how energy consumption evolves when changes occur from one version to another in any given software. Thus far, the only studies available are theoretical papers that reinforce the idea that maintainability may have an influence on energy use, but this needs to be proven empirically, which is the goal of this article. This work presents an empirical study carried out to test whether there is a relationship between the energy consumption and the maintainability of several versions of Redmine. Maintainability has been assessed by means of different measures, such as the number of lines of code, or the complexity of the software, calculated using SonarCloud, and the energy consumption measurements have been captured using the EET device. The results obtained show that the number of lines of code affects both the energy consumption of the processor and the total consumption of the computer where the software is run. It is intended that the results from this work should serve as a basis for the undertaking of new empirical studies which will enable the relationship between the software maintainability and the energy efficiency of that software to be better understood.
Green and Sustainable Software has emerged as a new and highly active area in the software commun... more Green and Sustainable Software has emerged as a new and highly active area in the software community. After several years of research and work, we believe that it is now necessary to obtain a general snapshot of how the research in this area is evolving. To do so, we have applied the 5Ws (why, when, who, where, and what), a formula for getting the complete story on a subject. We have therefore carried out a study, using 542 publications related to Green and Sustainable Software research; these were recovered using SCOPUS. The results obtained allow us to conclude that it is important to identify key elements of the research to allow researchers be fully aware of the state of the research on Green and Sustainable Software (why); the study uses papers published between 2000 and the beginning of November 2018 (when); the most prolific authors are mainly from Europe, although the USA is the most active country, Green and Sustainable Software being a very interactive area with a good number of multinational publications (who); the top five keywords related to sustainable aspects are Green Software, Green IT, Software Sustainability, Energy Consumption, and Energy Efficiency (what); finally, as regards the places authors prefer to publish in, there is almost a complete balance between conferences and journals, with a trend towards an increase in the number of publications (where).
Los entornos de cuarta generación sustituyen cada vez más a los lenguajes de tercera generación c... more Los entornos de cuarta generación sustituyen cada vez más a los lenguajes de tercera generación como plataforma de desarrollo habitual de sistemas informáticos, por lo que se hace imprescindible controlar su complejidad y facilidad de mantenimiento. Un aspecto importante al desarrollar aplicaciones software es poder estimar el tiempo de mantenimiento de estas aplicaciones. Una forma de realizar este control es mediante la utilización de métricas específicas para estos entornos, campo que ha recibido poca atención dentro de la ingeniería del software. En este trabajo se desarrolla, utilizando el método de análisis de regresión lineal, un modelo de predicción para estimar el tiempo de mantenimiento de aplicaciones basadas en el lenguaje SQL. Para construir este modelo se ha utilizado una aplicación compuesta de 143 programas, que utilizan predominantemente el lenguaje SQL en modo consulta. El modelo desarrollado tiene una exactitud de MMRE=23,687% y PRED(0,25) = 0,825.
Software measurement is an effective means to manage software development and maintenance project... more Software measurement is an effective means to manage software development and maintenance projects. In the past decades a huge amount of software metrics has been proposed, but primarily focused on programs. Metrics for databases have been neglected, mainly because databases have developed a secondary role in Information Systems (IS) infrastructure until a few years ago. But nowadays, databases are the core of IS, influencing considerably their complexity. This paper proposes a metrics suite for measuring relational database complexity, and apply them to the ORACLE Dictionary. IMACS/IEEE CSCC'99 Proceedings, Pages:7101-7107
Due to the central role that conceptual data models play in the design of databases, it is crucia... more Due to the central role that conceptual data models play in the design of databases, it is crucial to assure their quality since the early phases of database life cycle. For assessing (and if it is necessary improving) conceptual data model quality it is necessary to dispose of quantitative and objective measures in order to avoid bias in the quality evaluation process. Is in this context where software measurement can help IS designers to make better decision during design activities. The main interest of this article is to provide a state of the art of measures for conceptual data models.
Software sustainability has recently begun to gain importance. However, although proposals concer... more Software sustainability has recently begun to gain importance. However, although proposals concerning what it is and how to achieve it are starting to appear, until now, there have been very few proposals on how to model it. Sustainable development consists of three dimensions: Social sustainability, Economic sustainability and Environmental sustainability; the latter being more closely related to technical aspects. There are also three environmental impact levels for ICTs: direct environmental effects of production and use of ICTs, indirect environmental impacts related to the effects of ICTs and indirect effects on the environment. In this paper, we focus on environmental sustainability and the first environmental impact level, and more concretely, on the direct environmental effect of software use. We specifically propose a greenability in use characteristic to be considered as part of the quality in use model proposed by the ISO 25010 standard. This model can be used using measures, indicators, or even Bayesian Networks in order to link it with product quality. We therefore present an example of a Bayesian Network that links product quality to greenability in use. Our eventual goal is to provide developers with indicators and guidelines on how to develop an environmentally friendly software product.
Databases, the center of today's information systems, are becoming more and more important judgin... more Databases, the center of today's information systems, are becoming more and more important judging by the huge volume of business they generate. In fact, database related material is included in a variety of curricula proposed by international organizations and prestigious universities. However, a systemized database body of knowledge (DBBOK), analogous to other works in Software Engineering (SWEBOK) or in Project Management (PMBOK) is needed. In this paper, we propose a first draft for this DBBOK based on degree programs from a variety of universities, the most relevant international curricula and the contents of the latest editions of principle books on databases.
International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining, 2005
Data warehouses are large repositories that integrate data from several sources for analysis and ... more Data warehouses are large repositories that integrate data from several sources for analysis and decision support. Data warehouse quality is crucial, because a bad data warehouse design may lead to the rejection of the decision support system or may result in non-productive decisions. In the last years, we have been working on the definition and validation of software metrics in order to assure data warehouse quality. Some of the metrics are adapted directly from previous ones defined for relational databases, and others are specific for data warehouses. In this paper, we present part of the empirical work we have developed in order to know if the proposed metrics can be used as indicators of data warehouse quality. Previously, we have developed an experiment and its replication, and in this paper, we present the second replication we have made with the purpose of assessing data warehouse maintainability. As a result of the whole empirical work, we have obtained a subset of the prop...
Context: Software Reliability (SR) is a highly active and dynamic research area. Published papers... more Context: Software Reliability (SR) is a highly active and dynamic research area. Published papers have approached this topic from various and heterogeneous points of view, resulting in a rich body of literature on this topic. The counterpart to this is the considerable complexity of this body of knowledge. Objective: The objective of this study is to obtain a panorama and a taxonomy of Software Reliability Modeling (SRM). Method: In order to do this, a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) which analyzes and structures the literature on Software Reliability Modeling has been carried out. Results: A total of 972 works were obtained as a result of the Systematic Mapping Study. On the basis of the more than 500 selected primary studies found, the results obtained show an increasing diversity of work. Conclusion: Although it was discovered that Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) are still the most common modeling technique, it was also found that both the modeling based on static and architectural characteristics and the models based on Artificial Intelligence and automatic learning techniques are increasingly more apparent in literature. We have also observed that most Software Reliability Modeling efforts take place in the Pacific Rim area and in academic environments. Industrial initiatives are as yet marginal, and would appear to be primarily located in the USA.
Although software measurement plays an increasingly important role in Software Engineering, there... more Although software measurement plays an increasingly important role in Software Engineering, there is no consensus yet on many of the concepts and terminology used in this field. Even worse, vocabulary conflicts and inconsistencies can be frequently found amongst the many sources and references commonly used by software measurement researchers and practitioners. This article presents an analysis of the current situation, and provides a comparison framework that can be used to identify and address the discrepancies, gaps, and terminology conflicts that current software measurement proposals present. A basic software measurement ontology is introduced, that aims at contributing to the harmonization of the different software measurement proposals and standards, by providing a coherent set of common concepts used in software measurement. The ontology is also aligned with the metrology vocabulary used in other more mature measurement engineering disciplines.
Resumen. La creciente demanda de sistemas de información (SI) de calidad ha hecho de la calidad u... more Resumen. La creciente demanda de sistemas de información (SI) de calidad ha hecho de la calidad un factor de discriminación entre productos. Dado el rol fundamental que juegan los datos en un SI creemos necesario enfocar la evaluación de su calidad centrándonos en la calidad de los modelos de datos. El modelo de datos conceptual es la base para todo el trabajo de diseño posterior, y es un factor determinante en la calidad del diseño del sistema global. Por lo tanto creemos que es fundamental poder evaluar la calidad de los modelos de datos, para contribuir al desarrollo SI de calidad. En este trabajo proponemos un conjunto métricas que permiten evaluar la calidad de los diagramas entidad interrelación (ER). Pero el objetivo principal de este artículo no es la definición de métricas, sino mostrar el diseño de una herramienta genérica de métricas, MANTICA. El diseño genérico de esta herramienta hace que sea muy flexible y fácilmente extensible par medir cualquier modelo de datos.
The number of Web portals is increasing daily. These Web portals can be grouped into different ty... more The number of Web portals is increasing daily. These Web portals can be grouped into different types according to their purpose. One of these types is 'Information Web Portals' in which data quality is particularly important to users. This paper uses a survey to study the relevance that users place on a series of data quality characteristics in this type of Web portal. To do this, we determined various user profiles based on demographic aspects (gender, age range, level of studies and type of organization). We also analysed whether each profile prefers some characteristics to others. The results obtained will allow designers and developers to know which data quality characteristics they should place most emphasis on depending on the users of a particular Web portal.
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