VII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “SAFETY PROBLEMS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES” (SPCECI2021)
The paper examines the nature of digital crime and determines its signs. The main feature of the ... more The paper examines the nature of digital crime and determines its signs. The main feature of the considered illegal act is the subject of encroachment, which shall be expressed in the form of information (messages, data) circulating in information and telecommunication devices, their systems and networks; it is the illegal, culpable influence on it that shall determine the harm caused to public relations. Wherein, the nature of such information can be different; this information can act as that social value about which certain legal relationships have developed or be a means of their implementationthese circumstances are indifferent for classifying acts as crimes in the field of digital information circulation.
Digitalization has become part and parcel of the modern-day human activities. Nowadays it is goin... more Digitalization has become part and parcel of the modern-day human activities. Nowadays it is going into every field of business and personal life. To develop and prosper, most organizations need IT systems, and hence to take the safeguarding of their informational assets seriously. Many of the processes which are essential for securing their IT assets, largely depend on human interaction. This study has attempted to address the culture of cyber-security in the light of psychology and law. The results of the research showed that from the psychological standpoint, the culture of cyber-security involves the willingness on the part of a modern human to overcome the digital expansion by mastering the tools for countering the negative IT factors. In its turn, from the legal standpoint, the culture of cyber-security is based on the legislative framework which regulates the legal relations in the field of cyber-security.
The objective of the research was to assess the potential risks of stable CBDC digital currencies... more The objective of the research was to assess the potential risks of stable CBDC digital currencies,alsoknown as coins, for global financial security.. For several years we have seen the phenomenon of "de-dollarization" in the international financial market; this is a gradual transition in abandoning the use of the US dollar in central bank payments and reserves. A key step in the strategy of freeing countries from the US dollar was the creation of national digital currencies, i.e. stable CBDC currencies. To systematize the data obtained, methods of functional and institutional classification, statisticalanalysisand, also, retrospective, currentand future methods of analysis and synthesis of theoretical and practical material were used.. It is concludedthat the rejection of the stable currency Libra was motivated by the possibility of its transformation into a competing system of traditional currencies. The emergence of a private CBDC prompted central banks and regional asso...
Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law, 2020
A distinction is made between such concepts as “robotics” and “artificial intelligence”. These ca... more A distinction is made between such concepts as “robotics” and “artificial intelligence”. These categories are not only multi-volume, but also semantically non-falling. After analyzing the conceptual apparatus of these terms, we can conclude that, in contrast to the first, the second is characterized by the presence of “intelligence”, self-development, etc. However, when discussing the legal status of robots and artificial intelligence, most scientists allow confusion of concepts, making attempts to justify the need to confer a legal status on robots, and not artificial intelligence. The question of considering robots and artificial intelligence as subjects of law, in principle, can be considered justified. However, it is premature to consider this issue, but the topic will not lose its relevance in the future. Among the currently available approaches to the consideration of robots and artificial intelligence as subjects of law, the path constructed by analogy with a legal entity fro...
Digital technology is an integral part of our daily lives. Regardless of whether we have a comput... more Digital technology is an integral part of our daily lives. Regardless of whether we have a computer at home, whether we use the possibilities of obtaining state and municipal services in digital form or simply operate electronic gadgets, society's dependence on technology is increasing. A secure digital environment enhances trust and contributes to the creation of a stable and prosperous nation. Government and the business community are also taking advantage of the technological revolution through greater adoption and use of digital technologies. Traditional forms of crime have also evolved, as criminal associations increasingly use the information and telecommunications network - the Internet - to commit cybercrimes and increase their profits. Digital crime is developing at an incredibly fast pace, and new types of criminal acts are constantly emerging. So we need to keep up with digital technologies, understand the opportunities they create for cybercriminals, and how they can...
In January 2020, the World Health Organization announced an outbreak of SARS-CoV2, which caused C... more In January 2020, the World Health Organization announced an outbreak of SARS-CoV2, which caused COVID-19 coronavirus disease. Soon, a continuous outbreak of coronavirus infection was declared a pandemic. This situation has led to an increase in cybercrime. Cybercriminals did not stray from the situation and used the pandemic to commit various digital frauds and cyberattacks. As a result, the objective of the investigation was to analyze computer crimes at the COVID-19 scene and identify their social and legal consequences. This is a documentary-based investigation. It is concluded that, security standards have deteriorated in the context of forty social as many organizations were not prepared for remote work and the number of victims of cybercrime will only grow soon. International organizations and law enforcement agencies in many countries issue many recommendations to prevent digital criminal acts against businesses and citizens. This situation also prompted active legislation ar...
The article discusses the criminal responsibility for illegally organizing migration, using a com... more The article discusses the criminal responsibility for illegally organizing migration, using a comparative documentary-based methodology. Constant changes in public life suggest the need to improve states' criminal policy in the field of establishing responsibility for organizing illegal migration, both nationally and internationally. An analysis of the provisions of international criminal law makes it possible to consider various legal approaches to the criminalization of acts in the field of migration. The document underpins the need to develop a unified approach to determining the characteristics of the crime in question, as it is transnational. It is concluded that, regardless of the different approaches of States to recognize illegal population migration, the organization of this illegal activity, in the presence of certain signs, should be recognized as a crime. At the same time, the organization of illegal migration is defined as the commission by a criminal group (associa...
The subject of the research is key criminal risks in robotics. The purpose of the article is to c... more The subject of the research is key criminal risks in robotics. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that key criminal risks of using robots may be identified and classified. The author dares to describe the key aspects of the application of risk-based approach in the assessment of robotic activities, identify the key risks of using robots, give a criminological classification. The methodology includes a formal logical method, systematic approach, formal legal interpretation of legal acts and academic literature, SWOT analysis. The main results of the study. The author applies the main provisions of criminal riskology when assessing encroachments involving robots. Key risks and challenges when using robots are identified. The severity of the consequences of harm caused by using robots (from minor to critical risk) is assessed and a matrix of the probability of its occurrence is provided. The author's criminological classification of robots is based ...
The article attempts at the semantic analysis of the term «digital security», revealing the scope... more The article attempts at the semantic analysis of the term «digital security», revealing the scope of the meaning of this concept on the basis of theoretical and empirical research. The topicality of the problem is determined by the frequency, expansion of the use of the term «information security», which is associated with the phenomenon of the rapid development of digital technologies, and followed by systems to ensure the protection of digital information at all levels – state, corporate, personal. The research problem is connected with the insufficiently studied meaning of this term; therefore, the aim of the work was to identify the specific semantic field of the phrase «digital security». The tasks to be solved during the study are its distinction from semantically related phrases and concepts, clarification of the understanding of the term by representatives of target audiences. Due to the novelty of entering language lexicographic practice (dictionaries), this term has not ye...
Аннотация. Робототехника и киберфизические системы формируют самостоятельный пласт общественных о... more Аннотация. Робототехника и киберфизические системы формируют самостоятельный пласт общественных отношений, характеризующихся повышенной общественной опасностью. Указанное обстоятельство предопределяет признание отдельных категорий роботов источниками повышенной опасности. Темпы развития робототехники и киберфизических систем являются следствием экспонентного, практически взрывного роста интереса к интеллектуальным системам в условиях 4 Промышленной революции и становления Индустрии 4.0, активно поддерживаемого политикой государства на «всеобщую цифровизацию». Поливариативность роботов, высокая степень адаптивности и растущая доступность для широких слоев населения являются предпосылкой для «вовлечения» роботов в различные направления преступной деятельности, вплоть до самостоятельного совершения роботами отдельных преступных посягательств. Являясь комплексными устройствами, обладающими технической, цифровой и энергетической компонентами, робототехника и киберфизические системы подвержены процессам, которые могут стать причиной возникновения вреда для различных групп общественных отношений. Внедрение робототехники и киберфизических систем в промышленность, производство и в военную сферу сопряжено со значительными рисками причинения вреда различным объектам уголовно-правовой охраны. С ростом автономности робототехники неуклонно будут расширяться и сферы, где совершаются посягательства с их участием. В связи с этим требуется проработка механизмов уголовной ответственности в случае причинения вреда системами искусственного интеллекта и робототехники, имеющими высокую степень автономности при принятии решений. Определены критерии запроса на уголовно-правовое регулирование робототехники. Выявлены основные причины возникновения криминологических рисков, связанные с конструктивными особенностями роботов. Несомненно, для уголовного права базисом выступает категория общественной опасности, которая одновременно обеспечивает концептуальное единство уголовноправовых норм, параллельно являясь водоразделом, отграничивающим их от иных отраслей права. Крайне важно определить границы уголовно-правового регулирования, которые формируются исключительно общественной опасностью тех или иных деяний с применением робототехники. Таким образом, следует констатировать, что текущий уровень развития робототехники и киберфизических систем, а также их вовлеченность в процессы жизнедеятельности общества обусловливают необходимость создания эффективных механизмов уголовно-правового регулирования. Ключевые слова: робот, искусственный интеллект, робототехника, уголовная ответственность, преступление, цифровые технологии, беспилотные транспортные средства, беспилотные летательные аппараты, автономная система вооружений, киберфизическая система, автономное летальное оружие, военный робот, боевой робот, робот-убийца, автономный робот. * Старший научный сотрудник Казанского инновационного университета имени В. Г. Тимирясова (ИЭУП), заслуженный юрист Республики Татарстан, кандидат юридических наук.
Direct and indirect criminological risks of the use of robotics are analyzed and issues of respon... more Direct and indirect criminological risks of the use of robotics are analyzed and issues of responsibility of the manufacturer (developer)and/or owner (user) of robotics are discussed for acts committed with their participation. This essay discusses promising areas of legal research related to robotics and its corresponding legal regulations. The definition of robotics is based and proposed as all categories of robots in their broadest sense, regardless of their purpose, degree of danger, mobility, or autonomy, as well as cyber-physical systems with artificial intelligence in any form. It is proposed to recognize socially dangerous acts committed with the use of robotics as crimes committed in a generally dangerous way if there are grounds for doing so. It is concluded that the commission of acts through robotics is capable, in certain cases, of creating a plurality of crimes in the form of a real aggregate. The expanding powers of State security bodies, which can carry out the funct...
Purpose. To consider the concepts of “robot” and “artificial intelligence”, conduct a comparative... more Purpose. To consider the concepts of “robot” and “artificial intelligence”, conduct a comparative analysis of these concepts, show their differences. Methodology: comparison, analysis, synthesis, hypothesis, induction and deduction. Conclusions. The perfect distinction between the concepts of “robot” and “artificial intelligence” allows us to say that these categories are not only multi-volume, but also semantically do not coincide. Scientific and practical significance. The article analyzes the existing definitions of the concept’s “robot” and “artificial intelligence” in science, and attempts to formulate approaches to the differentiation of the concepts under consideration based on the analysis of existing definitions. The results of the research should give a new impetus to the development of the discussion that is being conducted in scientific and practical circles when regulating relations in the field of artificial intelligence and robotics technologies.
In this paper, it was tried to provide a comprehensive analysis of the term "artificial inte... more In this paper, it was tried to provide a comprehensive analysis of the term "artificial intelligence" and its essence definitions existing in the scientific literature. It is noted that nowadays, they developed several approaches to the interpretation of "artificial intelligence" definitions. At the same time, despite a wide range of studies on the interpretation, various areas of application, as well as the legal aspects of "artificial intelligence" concept, the unexplored horizons of this definition are quite wide. For this reason, the level of interest in the multidimensional consideration and analysis of the term "artificial intelligence" is quite high, which allows us to talk about fairly broad prospects for the development of legal approaches to its study. It is shown that the most convincing and consistent position of those scientists who are inclined to describe the concept under consideration by designating its essential properties an...
The article discusses the active introduction of technologies based on the use of artificial inte... more The article discusses the active introduction of technologies based on the use of artificial intelligence, the activities of which entail the storage, transmission and processing of information circulating in information and telecommunication devices, their systems and networks. The article indicates that the amount of computing power of artificial intelligence technologies can significantly change the foundations of the functioning of information legal relations and, accordingly, the procedure and conditions for the implementation of digital rights of citizens. The inevitability of computer attacks on automated information systems using artificial intelligence, as well as the possibility of its misuse, create significant criminological risks of unauthorized access and use of citizens' digital rights by subjects through these technologies. The article examines the criminal law support for the protection of digital rights of citizens as a priority direction in the development of ...
The development of artificial intelligence and robotics technologies around the world is happenin... more The development of artificial intelligence and robotics technologies around the world is happening at a fairly rapid pace. The emergence of high-tech solutions and innovations entails the formation of legal terminology for breakthrough technologies. Among the most common terms today, it should be noted such categories as “artificial intelligence” and “robotics”, which are undoubtedly becoming the subject of legal regulation of relations in the field of end-to-end digital technologies.
The article deals with the criminal-legal aspect of countering the illegal trafficking of autonom... more The article deals with the criminal-legal aspect of countering the illegal trafficking of autonomous military robots. Given the pace of the introduction of digital technologies in the military sphere, it is possible that in the near future autonomous military robots will become a reality. This, in turn, dictates the need, in order to maintain peace and preserve the security of humanity, in a fairly short time to consolidate the legal regulation of relations in the military sphere with the use of autonomous military robots both at the international and domestic levels. The most important decision in this area may be the creation and adoption of a Convention on the prohibition of the development, Production and Use of autonomous military robots, their components (modules).
The article analyzes the current state of intersectoral relations in the legal regulation of robo... more The article analyzes the current state of intersectoral relations in the legal regulation of robotics. The author points out the complementarity and consistent integration of legal processes occurring in civil, administrative and criminal law into a single system. The connection between civil law institutions, in particular the institution of reparation and liability insurance with the provisions of criminal law is essential for the establishment of an effective criminal justice system of regulation using robotics and the construction of relevant norms. The study concluded that the main criterion distinguishing civil law torts with the use of robotics from criminal offences is the degree of public danger of these acts and the extent of damage caused from the consequences that have occurred. Civil liability for damage caused by robotics does not preclude administrative or criminal liability. The author presumes that there are no mechanisms in civil law to hold software developers for...
The development of digital technologies gradually brings various changes to the life of mankind, ... more The development of digital technologies gradually brings various changes to the life of mankind, related to the improvement of various sectors of the economy and industry. Gradually, the products of the development of these technologies become the tools without which it is impossible to imagine modern life. Relying entirely on technology in various aspects of their activities, human gradually becomes dependent on it. Highly dynamic rates of development of robotics and artificial intelligence lead to the fact that robots gradually take a place alongside humans. The capacity of some robots to self-study is a factor that cannot be ignored in modern legal relations, since the question of legal personality and responsibility for their actions was already involved. Researchers ask the question: how dangerous robotic actions can be against humans, and what legal means can prevent robots from committing crimes against their creator in particular, and the rule of law in general.
Robotics is considered by modern researchers from various positions. The most common technical ap... more Robotics is considered by modern researchers from various positions. The most common technical approach to the study of this concept, which examines the current state and achievements in the field of robotics, as well as the prospects for its development. Also, quite often in recent years, legal experts have begun to address problems related to the development of robotics, focusing on issues related to the legal personality of robots and artificial intelligence, as well as the responsibility of AI for causing harm. A separate direction in the field of robotics research is the analysis of this concept and the relations associated with it, from the standpoint of morality, ethics and technologies.
Public international and private international law, 2021
The article discusses the features of international legal regulation of the development and appli... more The article discusses the features of international legal regulation of the development and application of artificial intelligence and robotics in the world. The focus of international organizations on maintaining an optimal balance between the interests of society and the state in creating a global regulation of the introduction of systems with artificial intelligence is revealed. The necessity of consolidation of the world community in the development of a conceptual international document on the principles and basic principles of regulation of artificial intelligence and robotics is justified.
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