Papers by Aleksey Marchenko
arXiv (Cornell University), Jan 16, 2019
An experiment on the propagation of flexural-gravity waves was performed in the HSVA ice tank. Ph... more An experiment on the propagation of flexural-gravity waves was performed in the HSVA ice tank. Physical characteristics of the water-ice system were measured in different locations in the tank during the tests, with a number of sensors deployed in the water, on the ice and in the air. Water velocity was measured with an acoustic doppler velocimeter (ADV) and an acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP); wave amplitudes were measured with ultrasonic sensors and the optical system Qualisys; in-plane deformations of the ice and the temperature of the ice and water were measured by fiber optic sensors, and acoustic emissions were recorded with compressional crystal sensors. All together 61 tests were performed, with ice thicknesses of 3 cm and 5 cm. The experimental setup and selected results of the tests are discussed in this paper. We show that cyclic motion of the ice along the tank, imitating ice drift, causes an increase in wave damping. We also show that the formation of non-through cracks in the ice, caused by the action of waves, increases wave damping.
Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, Jan 20, 2016
This paper summarizes winter oceanographic measurements in the Spitsbergen fjords. The measuremen... more This paper summarizes winter oceanographic measurements in the Spitsbergen fjords. The measurements allow us to analyze different processes that occur in the fjords covered with ice: semidiurnal tides, tsunami wave, wind waves, seiches, and high-frequency internal waves. Space and time scales of these processes were compared and the frequency spectra of the surface manifestations of these waves have been plotted on one graph.
We report the results of a number of experiments conducted by changing the temperature of a steel... more We report the results of a number of experiments conducted by changing the temperature of a steel pipe containing ice. We measure the strain in the ice and the temperature at a frequency of 1Hz using sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings. When the temperature of the apparatus changes, the steel and ice expand or contract at different rates, and so there is the potential for the ice and steel to move relative to each other. The steel pipe constrains the expansion of the ice in two dimensions. Further, cohesion and friction between the ice and steel may limit the movement of the ice in the third dimension. The measured strain therefore allows us to make inferences about the interaction between the ice and the pipe. We find a coefficient of thermal expansion in free ice comparable to literature values (around 51x10-6K -1 ) but that the effective expansion coefficient varies depending on how the ice is constrained. We also report on the results of similar experiments with saline ice.
Analytical Solutions Describing Zonal and Circular Wind Drift of Sea Ice with Elastic-Plastic Rheology
The Ocean in Motion, 2018
Analytical steady-state solutions describing zonal and circular drift of sea ice under the wind d... more Analytical steady-state solutions describing zonal and circular drift of sea ice under the wind drag are constructed and analysed in the case of the ice with elastic-plastic rheology considered in the AIDJEX project. The influence of the Coriolis force and sea surface tilt is included in the analysis. It is shown that all constructed solutions include elastic and plastic regions with plastic stresses corresponding to pure shear deformations. Geometrical dimensions and drift speed of elastic regions is analysed depending on the wind speed, wind direction and sea surface tilt.
Experimental Studies of Fracture Mechanics for Various Ice Types
Water-Ice Actions on Floating Plastic Jetty in Svalbard
Angular movements and heave of the floating jetty are analysed using collected field data in rela... more Angular movements and heave of the floating jetty are analysed using collected field data in relation to water motions and weather changes over 2010-2011. Two dimensional (2D) mathematical model describing movements of the jetty is elaborated and simple numerical simulations are performed.
Ocean Engineering, 2016
Drifting icebergs and sea ice floes can be serious threats to offshore structures in the Arctic; ... more Drifting icebergs and sea ice floes can be serious threats to offshore structures in the Arctic; however, information about their drift is limited. We performed GPS tracking of 9 icebergs and 10 ice floes in the Kanumas area of the Greenland Sea during 2012-2014. The obtained coordinates were used to analyse the drift trajectories, derived velocities, spectra and relative drift of the icebergs and sea ice. This paper presents statistical data on the drift velocities and demonstrates the differences between drifts in the shear ice zone and the central pack or marginal ice zone. The maximum drift speed reached by an iceberg was 1.66 m/s, which happened during strong southerly wind at 66°N. The relative drift of icebergs and adjacent sea ice is strongly dependent on ice conditions and wind, but also it is determined by the different types of applied drag forces. Then, spectral analysis revealed that GPS errors may prevent capturing processes faster than one cycle per hour. In addition, for the first time, we measured the rotation of four icebergs around their vertical axes. Icebergs make an average of between one and two revolutions per day under the periodic tidal current. However, the instantaneous angular velocity reached 0.001 rad/s at some moments. Finally, this paper proposes an iceberg drift model including the rotation. The modelling results are in good agreement with the measured evolution of the icebergs' yaw angles. The drift data and the rotation model can be used when planning offshore activities in the area or as an input for numerical models involving sea ice.
Supercooled water near the Glacier front in Spitsbergen
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 2015
Measurements of temperature and salinity were performed in the immediate vicinity of Paula Glacie... more Measurements of temperature and salinity were performed in the immediate vicinity of Paula Glacier in the Rinders Fjord (Spitsbergen) in March 2013. At a distance of 15 m from the glacier, we found water with significantly smaller salinity than the surrounding waters. The water temperature appeared 0.35°C lower than the freezing temperature. This phenomenon is related to the fact that fresh water flows from the glacier to the sea. The freshwater flowing from the glacier appears in the seawater environment with lower temperature and higher salinity and becomes supercooled while ascending to the surface
Water-Ice Actions on the Coal Quay at Kapp Amsterdam in Svalbard
Ice and water actions on structural elements of a quay in Arctic conditions are studied in natura... more Ice and water actions on structural elements of a quay in Arctic conditions are studied in natural conditions and in laboratory experiments. Significant deformations of the steel sheet piling supporting the coal quay in Kapp Amsterdam in Svalbard were discovered. Physical mechanism of the ice action on the skirts are related to the brine migration through the ice in upward direction under the influence of vertical pressure gradient induced by tide and the brine freezing when it moves from the ice bottom at the freezing point to the ice surface having lower temperature. Laboratory experiments modelling this effect are performed in a small ice tank in the cold laboratory at UNIS. Permeability of saline ice by the brine and the formation of the lateral ice stresses induced by the migration of the brine through the ice are studied in the experiments.
Mathematical simulation of ice-induced effects on the bed of Baidaratskaya bay in the Kara Sea
Many engineering challenges are currently posed by the Arctic and the sea ice found there. Ice ri... more Many engineering challenges are currently posed by the Arctic and the sea ice found there. Ice ridge keels have attracted significant attention because of the potential damage they can inflict on subsea installations. The formation of seabed gouges in the winter has been documented. It has been hypothesised that moving ice ridge keels can gouge seabeds. Pipelines, power and communication cables and other subsea structures can also be affected by ridge keels.In industry, the aforementioned structures are typically protected from the effects of ridge keels by burial into the seabed soil. This method is enormously expensive for linear structures such as pipelines and cables. The deeper the burial into the soil, the higher is the cost. Thus, the salient issue in industry is to strike a balance between safety and profit. This issue is obviously very complicated and has been the subject of interdisciplinary research by the international community, which has resulted in the formulation of international standards.In this thesis, we focused on the physical and mechanical properties of ridge keels and the processes which can provide sufficient strength for keels to interact with the seabed and potential structures. Keels can be considerably strengthened through consolidation. Atmospheric cooling during the winter season causes a consolidated layer to form in the keel. In this work, we concluded that there are different physical processes for the thermodynamic consolidation of keels in the spring and summer seasons. The thermodynamic consolidation of ice ridge keels in water at varying freezing points is a significant research topic in this thesis.This research is classified into four main areas, as given below.RT1: The dynamics and thermodynamics of the seabed gouging process by ice formationsRT2: The hydrology regime for ice covered fiords with semidiurnal tidesRT3: The physical properties of old sea ice ridges that have survived at least one summerRT4: The thermodynamic consolidation of ice ridge keels in water at varying freezing pointsThe main contributions of the thesis are summarised below.C1: A mathematical model was developed for the ice ridge dynamics associated with the seabed gouging process and the ice-seabed interaction. The model was used to create a geographic information systems module to predict the trajectory and depth of the gouge in monitoring Baydaratskaya Bay.C2: The physical properties of old ice ridges in the Fram Strait and the dynamic characteristics of fast ice in the Van Mijen Fiord were determined.C3: A physical mechanism was developed for the thermodynamic consolidation of the ice ridge keels below the consolidated layer formed by atmospheric cooling; this mechanism was studied by laboratory experiments, analytically, and numerically.
Thermodynamic Consolidation of Ice Ridges Keels in the Water at the Varying Freezing Point
Heat Flow and Filtration of Seawater in the Coastal Zone of the Arctic Shelf (Russian)
SPE Arctic and Extreme Environments Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2013
Interaction of short internal waves with the ice cover in an Arctic fjord
Oceanology, 2010
... (3) The properties of the waves under the elastic plate characterized by the lengths L Leg ar... more ... (3) The properties of the waves under the elastic plate characterized by the lengths L Leg are close to these parameters of the waves in the liquid with a free sur face, and the ice cover insignificantly influences the ... (2) The ice thickness h provides an insignificant impact on the ...
Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1997
The scattering of flexural-gravity waves in a layer of shallow fluid beneath an ice cover with ir... more The scattering of flexural-gravity waves in a layer of shallow fluid beneath an ice cover with irregularities is investigated. The irregularities considered are the ice edges, cracks, areas of finely broken ice, and ice ridges. Even this idealized problem formulation demonstrates that the accumulated effect of a large number of irregularities may lead to complete dissipation of the energy of wind waves and swells. The analysis shows a strong scattering of such waves by periodic linear irregularities in the sea ice cover. The authors employ the shallowwater approximation, which makes the results applicable for ocean shelf areas.
The choice of constitutive relations for an ice cover
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 1999
... LEVEL OF AN ICE COVER It has been pointed out above that the hypothesis that the ice does not... more ... LEVEL OF AN ICE COVER It has been pointed out above that the hypothesis that the ice does not resist tensile forces is custom-arily accepted when ... by which there is a change in the damage of a Lagrangian element of an ice cover by the empirical equation Y(--~- Zael )= R,(T ...
Applied Ocean Research, Sep 1, 2019
The results of field work on drift ice during wave propagation are analyzed and presented. The fi... more The results of field work on drift ice during wave propagation are analyzed and presented. The field work was performed in the Barents Sea, and the main focus of the paper is on wave processes in the MIZ. A model of wave damping in broken ice is formulated and applied to interpret the field work results. It is confirmed that waves of higher frequencies are subjected to stronger damping when they propagate below the ice. This reduces the frequency of most energetic wave with increasing distance from the ice edge. Difference of wave spectra measured in two relatively close locations within the MIZ is discussed. The complicated geometry and dynamics of the MIZ in the North-West Barents Sea allow waves from the Atlantic Ocean and south regions of the Barents Sea to penetrate into different locations of the MIZ.
Tidal Wave–Elliptic Island Interaction above the Critical Latitude
Journal of Physical Oceanography
Around Hopen Island, the satellite images and experiments with drifting buoys describe the moveme... more Around Hopen Island, the satellite images and experiments with drifting buoys describe the movement of the drifting ice and depict tidally generated trapped motion. An analytical solution is applied to investigate the trapping phenomenon. A general solution is achieved by the superposition of the incident and reflected (scattered) waves for an elliptically shaped island above the critical latitude. The incident wave simulates the tidal wave propagation toward the island and its prominent feature, an amphidromic point located to the southeast from Hopen Island. The analytical solution for the reflected wave is constructed in elliptic coordinates. Tide amplitudes and cophase lines are analyzed in the island’s vicinity and compared to observations and numerical model results. A simulated drift of Lagrangian water particles constructed with the help of analytical solutions reproduces well the observed clockwise trapped motion of the drifting buoy near Hopen Island. Since the resonance m...
Fig 4a 1 from The influence of closed brine pockets and permeable brine channels on the thermo-elastic properties of saline ice
A model of the thermo-elastic behaviour of saline ice is formulated, and model solutions describi... more A model of the thermo-elastic behaviour of saline ice is formulated, and model solutions describing thermo-elastic waves (TEW) propagating into a half-space of the ice are investigated. The model is based on a proposal that saline ice is a matrix, which encompasses both closed brine pockets and permeable channels filled with brine. Experiments on the thermal expansion of saline ice samples, and on TEW in saline ice, have been performed in the cold laboratories of the University Centre in Svalbard and in University College London. The experimental data are compared with theoretical conclusions. The experimental data support our hypothesis that the brine in saline ice is divided between closed pockets and open, permeable channels.
Fig 4b from The influence of closed brine pockets and permeable brine channels on the thermo-elastic properties of saline ice
A model of the thermo-elastic behaviour of saline ice is formulated, and model solutions describi... more A model of the thermo-elastic behaviour of saline ice is formulated, and model solutions describing thermo-elastic waves (TEW) propagating into a half-space of the ice are investigated. The model is based on a proposal that saline ice is a matrix, which encompasses both closed brine pockets and permeable channels filled with brine. Experiments on the thermal expansion of saline ice samples, and on TEW in saline ice, have been performed in the cold laboratories of the University Centre in Svalbard and in University College London. The experimental data are compared with theoretical conclusions. The experimental data support our hypothesis that the brine in saline ice is divided between closed pockets and open, permeable channels.
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Papers by Aleksey Marchenko