Whether men and women behave differently in managerial roles is a much debated question. Many sch... more Whether men and women behave differently in managerial roles is a much debated question. Many scholars developed different theories about the impacts of gender roles in understanding differences between male and female managers. Most studies also proved that gender role stereotyping resulted differences between male and female managers leadership style, value systems, effectiveness, career advancements, etc. Thus, this study was planned to examine the perceived differences between male and female managers on the job (in Ethiopian context) by using managers self and their subordinates' evaluation. The study was conducted from the randomly selected five ministry offices found in Addis Ababa. The already developed Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSI) and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) were used as data collection tools. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) on statistical measures was performed based on the number of responses obtained from male female managers self and subordinates ...
In formal systems for reasoning about actions, the ramification problem denotes the problem of ha... more In formal systems for reasoning about actions, the ramification problem denotes the problem of handling indirect effects. These effects are not explicitly represented in action specifications but follow from general laws describing dependencies among components of the world state. An adequate treatment of indirect effects requires a suitably weakened version of the general law of persistence. It also requires a method to avoid unintuitive changes suggested by the aforementioned dependency laws. We propose a solution to the ramification problem that uses directed relations between two single effects, stating the circumstances under which the occurrence of the first causes the second. We argue for the necessity of an approach based on causality by elaborating the limitations of common paradigms employed to handle ramifications-the principle of categorization and the policy of minimal change. Our abstract solution is realized on the basis of a particular action calculus, namely, the fluent calculus.
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Papers by Abraham bekele