The Effect of Autoclaving Process on Pathogenic Microorganisms, Chemical Compounds, Activity of Various Enzymes and Mineral Concentration of Processed Ruminal Fluid
Introduction and Objective: Every day, a large amount of rumen fluid is discarded in Iranian slau... more Introduction and Objective: Every day, a large amount of rumen fluid is discarded in Iranian slaughterhouses, which contains a large amount of microbial protein, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), enzymes, microorganisms, vitamins and minerals. On the other hand, it has a large amount of ammonia and phosphorus, which when disposed of in slaughterhouses, its nutrients enter the soil and waterways and cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to find ways to continuously use rumen fluid. The benefits of recycling these wastes are primarily the reduction of environmental pollution and then the production of a feed source for ruminants. In order to destroy pathogenic microorganisms, rumen fluid can be autoclaved. It can also be dried to remove moisture. The spray drying method is a simple, fast and also an economical method to obtain powder from a solution or a liquid suspension (such as an enzyme suspension) and due to the short drying time and relatively low temperature, the spray drying method is It has been successfully used for heat sensitive materials. Because in the drying method, the materials are exposed to high temperature for a few seconds. Covering materials should be used, some carbohydrates, gums, proteins and chitosan are used. Polysaccharides such as maltodextrin are an excellent choice for carrier materials due to their stability, abundance in nature, and low price, and they protect sensitive compounds from the high temperature of the spray drying method. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of autoclaving and destroying pathogenic microorganisms on the chemical compounds, the activity of various enzymes, and essential and deficient mineral elements of rumen fluid dried by spray drying with 1% maltodextrin. Material and Methods: Rumen fluid was taken from the slaughterhouse and after straining, it was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes. In order to dry the rumen liquid, the spray drying method was used, and because in this method the liquid is exposed to high temperature for several seconds, maltodextrin was used. A fresh rumen fluid sample was dried with a spray dryer at an inlet temperature of 168 degrees Celsius, an outlet temperature of 85 degrees Celsius and an air flow of 8 liters per minute. A sample of rumen fluid was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes and then dried with a spray dryer with inlet temperature of 172°C, outlet temperature of 85°C and air flow of 8 liters per minute. The other sample was dried by adding 1% (weight/volume) of maltodextrin with a spray dryer with an inlet temperature of 172 degrees Celsius, an outlet temperature of 85 degrees Celsius and an air flow of 8 liters per minute. The next sample was dried by adding 1% maltodextrin to autoclaved rumen liquid by spray drying method with inlet temperature of 168°C, outlet temperature of 79°C and air flow of 8 liters per minute. A fresh rumen fluid sample and autoclaved fresh rumen fluid were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The treatments include 1) Fresh Rumen Fluid, 2) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid, 3) Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying Method, 4) Fresh Rumen Fluid Autoclaved and Dried by Spray Drying Method, 5) Fresh rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying Method with 1% Maltodextrin and 6) Fresh Rumen Fluid Autoclaved and Dried by Spray Drying with 1% Maltodextrin. Pathogenic microorganisms include: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, non-aureus staphylococcus, Strep agalactiae, Strep obris, chemical compounds including: percentage of dry matter, protein, ether extract and ash and activity of various enzymes including: carboxy methylcellulase, microcrystalline cellulase (Avislase), alpha-amylase and enzyme activity of filter paper and the concentration of some mineral elements including: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, zinc, lithium , iron, copper, aluminum and silicon were determined. Results: The results showed that by autoclaving, the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid reached zero. The percentage of dry matter and the percentage of crude protein were the highest in the treatment of freshly autoclaved rumen liquid with spray drying method. Dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin had the highest activity of polysaccharides degrading enzymes compared to fresh rumen fluid. The concentration of elements calcium, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, zinc was the highest in rumen liquid dried by spray drying method (P<0.01). The concentration of phosphorus element was the highest by spray drying with the addition of 1% maltodextrin (P<0.01). The concentration of lithium element was the highest in autoclaved and dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin (P<0.01). The concentration of iron, copper, aluminum and silicon elements was the…
This study compared six non-linear equations [Exponential growth (4 parameters), Exponential grow... more This study compared six non-linear equations [Exponential growth (4 parameters), Exponential growth (Stirling), Polynomial (Cubic), Quadratic, Brody, and Sinusoidal] for prediction of pre-weaning body weights at different ages in Holstein calves. Thirty-two calves (16 males and 16 females) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and fed with starter diets containing either corn or barley as the grain source. Starter feeding began on the third day of life, and high quality alfalfa hay and fresh cow milk were fed according to the farm schedule. The calves were weighed at birth and weekly thereafter until weaning. In this manner, ten weight records, including the birth and weaning weights, constituted the data set. The results of experiment revealed the fact that all functions mentioned earlier showed good fitness to predict weight gain in relation to age in all groups of calves. However, based on the goodness of the fit of various criteria and the statistical performance, the ...
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two Se sources on the early lactation of nati... more The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two Se sources on the early lactation of native goats, on nutrient digestibility, as well as nitrogen and energy status of Iranian native goats. Twenty-one native goats aged, approximately 41 ± 9 months and having body weights of 46 ± 8 kg were selected for the experiment. The goats were randomly divided into three groups with an equal number of goats. One group was supplemented with Selemax 2000® as the organic selenium (OS), the second group received diluted sodium selenite as the inorganic selenium, while the third group received no supplementation and served as the control group (C). The results of this research showed that the selenium supplement did not have a significant effect on nutrient digestibility (apart from crude fat) (P > .05) but, the dry matter, organic matter and crude protein intake significantly increased. However, faecal N, urinary N, total N production and energy status were affected by the treatments (P < .05). It can be concluded that OS seems to be a better choice, considering the nitrogen and energy available for metabolism and its partition between milk production and deposit/mobilization within the body.
Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows in the late stages of their lactation period were used in co... more Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows in the late stages of their lactation period were used in complete randomized design to investigate the effect of rumen degradable protein on milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and some blood metabolites. Experimental periods were 6 weeks in length, with days 1 to 14 used for adjustment and weeks 3 to week 6 used for sampling (urine, blood, and milk). Three concentrations of a rumen-degradable protein (RDP) supplement according to National Research Council recommendations (9.3, 11.4, and 14% of dry matter intake) were treatments. Dietary RDP content altered both total urinary N and urinary N concentration, leading to increased urinary output. Estimations for microbial protein yield were compared with the measured excretion of purine derivative as yeast RNA equivalent, in urine. No significant effect of concentration of RDP supplement was detected on microbial N production. Plasma cholesterol concentration decreased linearity by increasing RDP concentration in diets (P<.05). In this regard, milk urea nitrogen, as well as triglyceride concentration in plasma, was not associated with dietary RDP concentration. To ensure a correct balance between energy and protein available in the rumen and consequently higher N efficiency for late lactation cows, a MUN content of 15.1mg/dl milk is the upper margin. Milk urea N is a simple and noninvasive measurement that can be used to monitor N efficiency in dairy cows.
Five total mixed rations prepared from finger millet (Eleusine Coracana) straw as a roughage (48%... more Five total mixed rations prepared from finger millet (Eleusine Coracana) straw as a roughage (48%) and mixed concentrate (52%), supplemented with a 1% isoacid mixture (i-C 4 , i-C 5 , C 5 and phenylacetic acid in equal proportions) or oil (groundnut oil, 5% more than the control) or urea (5% more nitrogen than the control), and protein (groundnut cake, 5% more nitrogen than the control) were given in a Latin square experiment to sheep. Enzymatic activities were estimated for urease, cellulase, protease, amylase, and lipase in various fractions of rumen fluid on the one hand and rumen microbial biomass on the other hand. Rumen samples were taken 3-4 hours after feeding and mixed rumen bacteria were separated as a strained rumen fluid without protozoa (SRFWP), cell free rumen fluid (CFRF) and enzymes associated with the bacteria cell (EABC). Samples of SRFWP and EABC contained higher enzyme activities than CFRF. Depending on the type of enzymes in each fraction, some significant coefficient of determination (r 2) was seen. These values showed very close cooperative action between proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes under the experimental conditions, or perhaps the presence of some species of bacteria with both activities. Lipolytic bacteria are completely specialized for lipase production only (P < 0.05). The results showed oil, isoacid and crude protein enhanced microbial production (P < 0.05) and this can change the pattern of enzymes in the rumen of sheep.
Performance Characteristics and Nutritional Comparison of Broiler Chickens Fed with Barley and Triticale Based Diets
Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 2015
This study was performed with growing chicken (14 to 56 d of age) to evaluate the effects of feed... more This study was performed with growing chicken (14 to 56 d of age) to evaluate the effects of feeding them a barley or triticale-based diet. The treatments were corn diet (1) as a control, hulless barley diet with (5) or without (2) enzyme, triticale diet with (6) or without (3) enzyme and hulled barley diet with (7) or without (4) a commercial β-glucanase enzyme. In a digestibility trial, 21 male broiler chicks were used at 45 days old. Each of the seven treatments was replicated three times. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between (2) to (7) treatments with corn diet for weight gain and feed intake during growing period, but hulled barley with no treatment (4) had less weight gain and higher feed conversion (lower efficiency) than other cereals. Ether extract digestibility increased significantly in all the enzyme treated diets compared to corn diet (P 0.05). Higher serum immunoglobulin (IgG) was detected in broiler fed the hulled barley diet with no treatment, t...
Effects of partial docking on feedlot performance and body fat characteristics were studied in a ... more Effects of partial docking on feedlot performance and body fat characteristics were studied in a fat-tailed sheep breed. Thirty-eight male lambs with an average weight of 4.44 ± 0.48 were randomly divided into two groups. The lambs in one group were partially docked at 3-4 h after birth, using rubber rings, and the lambs in another group remained intact (control). After weaning, 20 male lambs from each group were divided into two subgroups; one subgroup was fed with a normal dietary energy level (2.45 Mcal/kg ME) and the other subgroup received a high-energy diet (2.73 Mcal/kg ME) for 84 days. The lambs were fed individually. At the end of the fattening period, the lambs were slaughtered for determination of carcass characteristics. Warm carcass weight (WCW) and fat depth at the12th rib was recorded. At 24 h postmortem, samples of omental fat (for chemical analysis), and caudal fat were taken from chilled (4°C) carcasses for the determination of fatty acid (FA) composition. No signi...
Effect of L-threonine and NSP-degrading Enzyme on the Performance, Intestinal Morphometry and Immunocompetence of the Broiler Chickens Fed Wheat-based Diet during the Starter Period
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental L-threonine and enzyme in a whea... more This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental L-threonine and enzyme in a wheat-based starter diet (WBD) on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of male ROSS 308 broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were allocated to six different dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement. The treatments were two WBD (with or without enzyme) each supplemented with three levels of L-threonine (100%, 120%, and 140% of the NRC recommendation). To evaluate the humoral immune system, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) antigen was injected, and for evaluation of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response, the phytohemagglutinin-P was injected subcutaneously. On day 21, two chicks were selected out of each replicate and were bled, slaughtered, and then their internal organs were dissected and weighed. Blood samples were used for malondialdehyde (MDA) measurement. Jejunal and ileal contents and tis...
Influence of Docking and D1Teky Energy on Camcass Composition of Badghisian Sheep
Indian journal of animal nutrition, 1999
Effect of docking on carcass composition was studied in fat-tailed sheep. Male lambs were randoml... more Effect of docking on carcass composition was studied in fat-tailed sheep. Male lambs were randomly divided into two groups. One group was docked 3–4 hrs, after birth, using rubber rings and the tails of other left intact (control). After weanfng, 20 lambs from each group were divided into two subgroups, one group was fed with a lowenergy diet (2.45 Mcal/Kg ME) and other one with a high energy diet (2.73 Mcal/Kg ME) for 84 days. At the end of the fattening period, 28 lambs were slaughtered for determination of carcass composition. Total carcass fat (amount or percent) showed significant difference between carcasses of docking and control lambs. Energy of diets can affect on total carcasses fat significantly. Melting point, refractive Index and iodine number showed no significant difference between docked and control lambs and energy of diets (P<.05).
The effects of pre-treating different types of roughages with alkali on the efficacy of exogenous... more The effects of pre-treating different types of roughages with alkali on the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes for improving their digestibility were studied in vitroin factorial arrangement 4 × 3 × 5 (enzyme, treatment and roughage types). Two fibrolytic feed enzymes novozyme (N) and celloclast (C) their combination (N+C) were evaluated for their potential to improve in vitrodegradation of different roughages including two straws (wheat straw: WS; barley straw: BS), grass hay (GH), corn stover (CS) and corn cobs (CC) as untreated or alkaline treated (NaOH or urea). The enzyme products were in liquid form and applied at a rate of 1 mg enzyme protein/g DM substrate. Anaerobic buffer medium and strained ruminal fluid were added to the in vitroincubations. Degradabilities of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), cellulose, soluble protein and reducing sugar profiles were determined at the end of the 24 h incubation. Overall NDF degradability of roughages were slightly i...
Two forage species alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), at two ... more Two forage species alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), at two consecutive growing season (spring and summer), were studied for their chemical composition and in vitro gas production characteristics. Data on cumulative gas production (mL gas/g DM) were fitted to the non-sigmoidal model, and for evaluation of model, the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was used to assess the agreement between predicted and observed data. Chemical analysis showed that nutrient composition was affected by the forage type. Concentration of fiber components (NDF, ADF, cellulose and crude fiber) were higher in alfalfa compared to sainfoin (P 0.05). The results showed that there is a great potential for improving the analytical capacity of the technique, by reducing the length of incubation from 48 to 24 h for studies on high quality forages. This study showed that 24 h incubation provided informative results with high reproducibility of the measurements, clear re...
Effects of partial docking on feedlot performance and body fat characteristics were studied in a ... more Effects of partial docking on feedlot performance and body fat characteristics were studied in a fat-tailed sheep breed. Thirty-eight male lambs with an average weight of 4.44 ± 0.48 were randomly divided into two groups. The lambs in one group were partially docked at 3-4 h after birth, using rubber rings, and the lambs in another group remained intact (control). After weaning, 20 male lambs from each group were divided into two subgroups; one subgroup was fed with a normal dietary energy level (2.45 Mcal/kg ME) and the other subgroup received a high-energy diet (2.73 Mcal/kg ME) for 84 days. The lambs were fed individually. At the end of the fattening period, the lambs were slaughtered for determination of carcass characteristics. Warm carcass weight (WCW) and fat depth at the12th rib was recorded. At 24 h postmortem, samples of omental fat (for chemical analysis), and caudal fat were taken from chilled (4°C) carcasses for the determination of fatty acid (FA) composition. No signi...
Ruminal bacteria and protozoa provide excellent organic phosphorus (P) sources for the host anima... more Ruminal bacteria and protozoa provide excellent organic phosphorus (P) sources for the host animal. This experiment was conducted to compare the bioavailability of bacterial and protozoal P in comparison with that of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) as a reference phosphorus source. Bacteria and protozoa were isolated from the rumen contents of dairy cows and the chick-model was used to determine the phosphorus bioavailability. Fifteen day-old chicks were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments consisting of a control diet (without P, as a basal diet), bacterial P+basal diet, protozoalP+basal diet, and DCP+basal diet. Phosphorus balance was selected as the response criterion for phosphorus bioavailability assessment, using multiple linear regressions. The results showed a higher phosphorus bioavailability of protozoal P and DCP compared with bacterial P (P<0.05); with no significant difference between protozoal P and DCP. Relative phosphorus bioavailability values of ba...
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