Paula Carey

University of Greenwich, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Emerita

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Address: Greenwich, England, United Kingdom

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Acid resistance of novel blended cement concrete for use as barriers to pollution migration

Current waste management practice relies largely on high density polythene membranes as the princ... more Current waste management practice relies largely on high density polythene membranes as the principal barrier by which landfill leachate is contained within a disposal site. Although this technology is well established, it is relatively expensive, and somewhat vulnerable to damage, especially during installation and the early phases of waste emplacement. To protect the polymer membrane, it is encased within layers of sand (or a sand-bentonite mixture) over which is placed a geotextile drainage blanket. The whole construction, often further protected by a drainage layer of loose aggregate, is typically over two metres in thickness. This has a direct impact on both the economics and environmental cost of waste disposal, in as much as space occupied by materials protecting the barrier is unavailable for waste containment. Additionally, conventional barriers are first covered by a graded waste layer (from which sharp and potentially damaging objects have been removed) as rupture of the ...

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Mineralization Worked Examples for the TEA and LCA Guidelines for CO2 Utilization

and generous individuals who are committed to action to address climate change.

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Accelerated carbonation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes

Waste Management, 2007

Production d'agrégats secondaires

L'invention concerne des agregats secondaires qui sont prepares a partir de dechets metalliqu... more L'invention concerne des agregats secondaires qui sont prepares a partir de dechets metalliques, tels que des dechets ou des residus contenant des composes metalliques resultant d'une extraction de metal ou d'un traitement de metal, utilisant une combinaison de carbonatation acceleree et un culbutage, de telle sorte que des particules agregees constituees par des couches successives de produits de reaction a base de carbonate solides forment un agregat dur approprie pour une utilisation dans du beton. Le procede peut etre mis en œuvre par chargement des materiaux de depart, et, si necessaire, d'eau, dans un tambour cylindrique qui peut tourner autour de son axe horizontal. L'interieur est charge d'une atmosphere de dioxyde de carbone, ou le tambour est monte a l'interieur d'un recipient plus grand qui contient une atmosphere de dioxyde de carbone. Des agregats sont formes sous la forme de revetements sur des particules de cœur lorsque le culbutage est...

Commercial application of accelerated carbonation:Looking back at the first year

Carbon8 Systems is a university spin-out company developing and applying accelerated carbonation ... more Carbon8 Systems is a university spin-out company developing and applying accelerated carbonation for the commercial production of aggregates from waste. Hazardous wastes can be converted into construction products that meet the regulatory requirements for ‘end of waste’ using carbonation. hen the accelerated carbonation process is applied to municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) air pollution control residues (APCr), the ash is solidified and stabilised in carbonate-cemented pellets. The pelletised products have mechanical and chemical properties that make them suitable for use in concrete blocks. In early 2012, following the success of a series of pilot and full-scale trials, a full scale carbonation plant was built and commissioned at Brandon in Suffolk, UK. This plant is the first of its kind in the world. The aggregate plant has now been operating for about a year and is producing a consistent product. Continued monitoring of the incoming APCr, and the outgoing aggregate pro...

Carbonation of MSWI APCr for re-use as a light-weight aggregate

The incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a more sustainable alternative to landfilling.... more The incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a more sustainable alternative to landfilling. Cleaning of flue gases from the incineration of MSW generates air pollution control residues (APCr). Carbon8 Systems, a spinout company from the University of Greenwich, UK has developed a treatment for APCr using accelerated carbonation technology (ACT). Accelerated carbonation enables carbonate-based solidification of an ash (or other suitable waste) using carbon dioxide gas. The solidified and stabilised products can be formed as pellets that are suitable for use as aggregate as a component in the manufacture of concrete building blocks. The result of this work is laying foundations for the construction of the world’s first full-scale commercial accelerated carbonation plant in the UK, with a capacity to produce 36,000 tonnes of APCr-derived annually.

Discussion on the Grampian Group: a major Late Proterozoic clastic sequence in the Central Highlands of Scotland

Journal of the Geological Society, 1990

P. J. Haselock & R. H. S. Evans write: An attempt to collate the many advances in the sedimen... more P. J. Haselock & R. H. S. Evans write: An attempt to collate the many advances in the sedimentological and stratigraphical understanding of the Grampian Group is to be welcomed. However, the recent paper by Glover & Winchester (1989) ignores several major problems of interpretation of both the stratigraphy and structure of the Central Highlands and is a premature analysis of the region. Principal amongst these problems is their definition of the geographic and stratigraphic limits of the Grampian Group, and the implications which stem from this definition. Harriset al.(1978) assign the majority of the metasediments in the Central Highlands below the Appin Group to the Dalradian Supergroup. This is done on the basis of their structural and stratigraphic continuity with the rest of the Dalradian Supergroup and their entirely Caledonian (sensu lato) history. They termed these dominantly psammitic metasediments the Grampian Group. The Grampian Group is thus the lower part of a complex stratigraphic sequence continuing up into the Port Askaig Tillite, for which an age of c. 650 Ma has been suggested for sedimentation (Downieet al. 1971; Pringle 1972). However, Piasecki (1980) and Piasecki & Van Breemen (1979a, b, 1983) suggest that at least part of this succession has been deformed and metamorphosed during the Morarian Orogeny (750Ma) and used the term Grampian Division to describe broadly the same sequence of metasediments. The Ord Ban Subgroup (see Glover & Winchester, fig. 7) and its overlying rhythmites were assigned to the Grampian Division (Piasecki 1980). It seems difficult

The geology of Scotland

Journal of Structural Geology, 1992

The geology of the Corrieyairack Pass area, Inverness-shire

Keele University, 1982

Group. I t was noted that not a l l o f the rocks form a lly assigned to the Central Highland Gra... more Group. I t was noted that not a l l o f the rocks form a lly assigned to the Central Highland Granulites may be part o f the Grampian Group as autoch thonous strata and that rocks which have su ffered Pre-Cambrian orogen esis may occur southeast o f the Great Glen Fault. More recent work in the Spey V a lle y (P ia s e c k i,1980, P iaseck i & Van Breemen,1979a. 1979b) has shown that part o f the Central Highland Granulites has undergone Pre-Cambrian orogen esis, and a ' basement-cover* r e la tio n s h ip o f 'younger and o ld e r ' Moines was proposed. The basement, ' Central Highland D iv is io n ' which has y ield ed Rb/Sr ages between 950 and 1300Ma, is separated from the ' co ver' (Grampian D iv is io n) by a complex zone o f repeated s lid in g , termed the Grampian S lid e. Pegmatites intruded in to and deformed by the s lid e zone have produced Rb/Sr dates from 718 ±19Ma to 573 ±13 Ma, comparable with ' Morarian* pegmatites (730 ±20Ma) (Van Breemen, Pidgeon and Johnson, 1974) in the Morar D ivision northwest o f the Great Glen. These are considered by Piasecki (1980) to in d ica te a ' Morarian' age fo r the e a r ly s lid in g between the two d iv is io n s w hile subsequent Palaeozoic movement on the s lid e zone, re s e t the Morarian ages, so that ages younger than 573 ±13Ma have also been obtained. The Grampian D ivision metasediments in the s lid e zone must th erefo re be somewhat old er than 718Ma. Much o f what Anderson o r i g i n a l l y mapped as the Monadhliath Schist on Speyside, now appears to form part o f the ' o ld e r ' Central Highland D ivision but the remaining ' Eilde F lags' are included w ithin the Grampian D ivis io n. The Dalradian sediments are considered to have accumulated between the Late Pre-Cambrian (Upper Riphean) and the Cambro-Ordovician (c. 500Ma) (H arris et a l. , o p. c i t .) w ith the sedimentary tra n s itio n between the Moine and Dalradian occurring at c. 700Ma (Dunning, 1972). This would req u ire a thick sedimentary p ile , representin g the Grampian D ivis io n , in which the deeper rocks were being a ffe c te d by amphibolite fa c ie s metamorphism,

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The Dalradian Supergroup in Scotland, Shetland and Ireland

A revised correlation of Pre-Cambrian rocks in the British Isles

Short Paper: The extent of Grampian orogenic activity in the Scottish Highlands

Journal of the Geological Society, 1989

Structures in Atholl nappe Grampian Division rocks in the Tayside Region can be traced NW into th... more Structures in Atholl nappe Grampian Division rocks in the Tayside Region can be traced NW into the supposedly older Central Highland Division in Speyside and Strath Nairn where they are the earliest fabrics present. Grampian Division/Central Highland Division contrasts appear to involve a gradational metamorphic change, and the existence of the Grampian slide supposed, by previous workers to separate the two units has not been confirmed. Atholl nappe fabrics have been shown to be coeval with those of Grampian orogenesis in the Tay nappe where their age is constrained by the 590 ± 2 Ma Ben Vuirich granite. Grampian orogenic structures can thus be traced, as the earliest structures present, as far as the Great Glen fault, a conclusion which may have a bearing on the significance of the fault as a terrane boundary. Central Highlands. The metamorphic rocks of the Scottish Central Highlands (Fig. 1) comprise units referred to the Southern Highland (youngest), Argyll, Appin and Grampian (oldest) groups. While Harris et al. 1978 regarded the Grampian Group as the oldest Dalradian group, it is broadly equivalent to the Grampian Division (Moine) (GD) of Piasecki (1980) who also identified the Central Highland Division (Moine) (CHD) which occupies several hundred square kilometres of Inverness-shire east and south of Inverness and which forms three other small inliers in Speyside, not distinguished on Fig. 1. Working largely in Speyside and adjacent areas, Piasecki & van Breemen (1983) regarded the CHD as lithostratigraphically broadly equivalent to Moine rocks of the N Highlands and

Low-energy CO2-activated self-pulverising cement for sustainable concrete construction

In order to achieve an efficient and sustainable concrete industry, there is an urgent need to re... more In order to achieve an efficient and sustainable concrete industry, there is an urgent need to reduce CO2 emissions from cement manufacture. The innovative scheme described here for the linked production of cement and concrete with low carbon footprint follows a three-stage process. Firstly, a Portland-like cement composition is calcined at reduced temperature and cooled under controlled conditions so that it selfpulverises spontaneously to a powder of normal fineness without grinding. Secondly, CO2-rich gas is extracted direct from the cement kiln flue and used to activate this poorly hydraulic cement in the third stage for making precast concrete products. Considerable energy savings are anticipated, and the challenges of process enhancements and scale-up are currently being addressed. In addition to its use in precast concrete items such as blocks, roof tiles, and pipes, other potential on-site applications are foreseen for this cement where low-energy concrete or controlled setting are required.

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A Review of Solidification/Stabilisation Technology and its Industrial Application in the UK

Global CO2 Initiative Complete Mineralization Study 2018

This document contains worked examples of how to apply the accompanying “Guideline for Techno-Eco... more This document contains worked examples of how to apply the accompanying “Guideline for Techno-Economic Assessment of CO2 Utilization” and “Guideline for Life Cycle Assessment of CO2 Utilization”. The Guidelines can be downloaded via http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/145436. These worked examples are not intended to be a definitive TEA or LCA report on the process described, but are provided as supporting material to show how the TEA and LCA methodologies described in the guidelines can be specifically applied to tackle the issues surrounding CO2 utilization. This document contains worked examples of how to apply the accompanying “Guideline for Techno- Economic Assessment of CO2 Utilization” and “Guideline for Life Cycle Assessment of CO2 Utilization”, hereafter referred to as "the TEA and LCA guidelines". These worked examples are not intended to be a definitive TEA or LCA report on the process described, but are provided as supporting material to show how the TEA and LCA methodologies described in the guidelines can be specifically applied to tackle the issues surrounding CO2 utilization. This example was constructed using data collected from a demonstration plant operated by Carbon8 Systems in Ontario, Canada, together with data obtained from the literature and from the ecoinvent database v3.4. As with the methanol worked example, the aim is not to prove whether the selected process is economically or environmentally viable or to make process alterations to make it so, but to clearly demonstrate how the proposed guidelines can be used to conduct a transparent TEA and LCA which can then be followed by others. The TEA example is provided in Part B, followed by the LCA example in Part C. In Part D, the reader will find a short example of how a TEA and LCA can be integrated. This integration is not an exhaustive example. As many aspects can be analyzed to produce combined indicators and many approaches to multi-criteria decision making applied. However, it is included here to provide a starting point and initial example of how integration can be carried out.CO2 Sciences, Inc.EIT Climate-KIC3MCO2 Value EuropeEmissions Reduction AlbertaThe Grantham FoundationRichard King Mellon FoundationThe Cynthia&George Mitchell FoundationNICE AmericaPraxairNRG Cosia Carbon XPrizePeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147467/3/Global CO2 Initiative Complete Mineralization Study 2018.pdf2

Commercial feasibility of using accelerated carbonation technology for solid waste treatement

Review of scientific literature on the use of stabilisation/solidification for the treatment of contaminated soil, solid waste and sludges

Performance assessment of stabilised/solidified waste-forms

Proceedings of the International Conference on Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment and Remediation, 12-13 April 2005, Cambridge, UK, 2005

This work was carried out under the PASSiFy project which received financial and in kind support ... more This work was carried out under the PASSiFy project which received financial and in kind support from a number of institutions. I would like to thank SITA Environmental Fund, for funding the research in the UK, but also the Portland Cement Association, French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), Environmental Geotechnics Ltd., the Welsh Assembly Government, Environment Agency (England and Wales), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), CLiAIRE, Celtic Technologies Ltd, English Partnerships. I would like to thank my supervisors Drs. Colin Hills and Paula Carey for their guidance, support and encouragement throughout this thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Alison Crumbie for her invaluable contribution to my thesis and her patience to teach me SEM and not least her friendship. My thanks extend to the School of Science staff Dr. lan Slipper, Dr. Dave Wray, Mrs Atiya Raza for their help and technical support, and my friends Ellen, Alberto, Genaro, Christine, Irina, Nazy for their love and encouragements. My special thanks to Prof. Lucian Georgescu, from University 'Dunarea de Jos', Romania for his help, friendship and the very useful discussions.

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Fabrication d'agregats secondaires

L'invention concerne des agregats secondaires prepares a partir de fines usagees inertes, iss... more L'invention concerne des agregats secondaires prepares a partir de fines usagees inertes, issues par exemple de procedes d'extraction et de combustion, en utilisant une association de carbonation acceleree et de tonnelage, de maniere a ce que des particules d'agregat composees de couches successives de produits de reaction solides a base de carbonate forment un agregat dur convenant a une utilisation dans du beton. Le procede peut etre realise en chargeant les materiaux de depart et, le cas echeant de l'eau, dans un tambour cylindrique rotatif selon son axe horizontal, l'interieur etant charge d'une atmosphere de dioxyde de carbone, ou monte dans une plus grande cuve contenant une atmosphere de dioxyde de carbone. Les agregats se forment comme des revetements sur des particules centrales au fur et a mesure du tonnelage, et les revetements sont durcis par la formation in situ de carbonates par reaction avec le dioxyde de carbone.

Cementation of porous building stone by an accelerated carbonation process

Accelerated carbonation for the treatment of landfilled cement kiln dust

Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT) can be used to treat a wide range of alkaline wastes and... more Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT) can be used to treat a wide range of alkaline wastes and metal-contaminated soils by exposing them to a carbon dioxide rich atmosphere in a way that promotes the massive precipitation of calcium carbonate. The material obtained has improved physical and chemical characteristics. This work presents the characterisation of historically deposited cement kiln dust (CKD) and its potential reactivity with carbon dioxide gas. The CKD investigated originated from a landfill, up to one hundred years old. The bulk chemical composition was determined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), the mineralogy of the untreated and carbonated CKD by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and the change in microstructure upon carbonation was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDS). Key characteristics of treated and untreated CKD such as carbon dioxide uptake, pH, and moisture content are presented and discussed.

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Paula Carey

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