他

See also: 她, 祂, 牠, and 𲰼

他 U+4ED6, 他 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ED6 ← 仕 [U+4ED5] CJK Unified Ideographs 仗 → [U+4ED7]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

他 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, Cangjie input 人心木 (OPD), four-corner 2421₂, composition ⿰亻也)

Derived characters

• 咃, 𢫌, 𭰃, 𭩬, 𥅂, 𥿞, 𮕴, 𧦭(𬣢), 𫴞, 𦭟, 𮅅, 𤵩, 怹

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 92, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 370
• Dae Jaweon: page 195, character 12
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 115, character 6
• Unihan data for U+4ED6

Usage notes

Not to be confused with unrelated 也

Chinese

trad.		他
simp. #		他

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (也) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
他	*l̥ʰaːl
拖	*l̥ʰaːl, *l̥ʰaːls
駞	*l'aːl
池	*l'aːl, *l'al
灺	*ljalʔ
鍦	*ɦljaːl, *hljal, *hljals
虵	*ɦljal, *laːlʔ, *lal
也	*laːlʔ
忚	*hleːl
髢	*l'eːls
杝	*l̥ʰalʔ, *l'alʔ, *lal
肔	*l̥ʰalʔ, *lalʔ
馳	*l'al
阤	*l'alʔ, *hljalʔ
施	*hljal, *hljals
絁	*hljal
葹	*hljal
弛	*hljalʔ
箷	*lal
衪	*lel, *lalʔ
暆	*lel
迆	*lal, *lalʔ
酏	*lal, *lalʔ
匜	*lal, *lalʔ
迤	*lalʔ
扡	*lalʔ
崺	*lalʔ
貤	*lals, *ɦljels, *lels
地	*l'els

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l̥ʰaːl): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ).

Corrupted form of 佗 (OC *l̥ʰaːl, *l'aːl), which is found in Zuozhuan.

Etymology 1

Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps cognate with 誃 (OC *l'al, *l̥ʰjalʔ, “to separate”).

The modern sense of "he, she, it" only emerged after the Han period in colloquial passages, and displaced classical 其 (OC *ɡɯ) and 之 (OC *tjɯ) in Mandarin dialects (Pulleyblank, 1995).

The phonological development from Middle Chinese was irregular. The expected reflex is tuō, which is sometimes used in literary contexts for the classical "other" sense, but in most Mandarin dialects it is read like tā.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): tā, tuō (ta¹, tuo¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄚ, ㄊㄨㄛ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ta¹

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): tǎ

  (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): tà

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): та (ta, II)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): taa¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ha¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): ta¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): thâ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ta¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): ta¹
• Northern Min (KCR): tá
• Eastern Min (BUC): tă
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): thaⁿ / tha / tho

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ta¹

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ¹tha
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ta¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tā
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄚ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ta
    • Wade–Giles: tʻa¹
    • Yale: tā
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ta
    • Palladius: та (ta)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰä⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tuō
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄛ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tuo
    • Wade–Giles: tʻo¹
    • Yale: twō
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuo
    • Palladius: то (to)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: ta¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ta
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa⁵⁵/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: tǎ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa²¹/
  • (Nanjing)
    • Nanjing Pinyin: tà
    • Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): ta¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa³¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: та (ta, II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: taa¹
    • Yale: tā
    • Cantonese Pinyin: taa¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ta¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰaː⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ha¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: ta¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thâ
    • Hakka Romanization System: ta^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ta¹
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰa²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ta¹
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰa⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: ta¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰa¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tá
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: tă
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thaⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: thann
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tvaf
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰã³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰã⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tha
    • Tâi-lô: tha
    • Phofsit Daibuun: taf
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /tʰa⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tho
    • Tâi-lô: tho
    • Phofsit Daibuun: toy
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɤ⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰo³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /tʰo⁴⁴/

Note:

• thaⁿ/tha - vernacular;
• tho - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: ta¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tha
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ¹tha
    • MiniDict: tha^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹tha
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰa⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /tʰɑ⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /tʰɑ³³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: ta¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰa̠³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: tha

Rime
Character	他
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	託何切
Baxter	tha
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰa/
Li Rong	/tʰɑ/
Wang Li	/tʰɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tuō
Expected Cantonese Reflex	to1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤaj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	他
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tā
Middle Chinese	‹ tha ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁaj/ (E dialect: *l̥ˁ- > MC th-)
English	another
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	他
Reading #	1/1
No.	14765
Phonetic component	也
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	佗
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰaːl/
Notes	俗與佗通用

Definitions

他

1. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin, Xiang, dialectal Wu, originally gender-neutral; nowadays usually referring to males) he; him; she; her

   他去了。  ―  Tā qù le.  ―  He went away.

   我認識他。／我认识他。  ―  Wǒ rènshi tā.  ―  I know him.

   • 士為將軍何可羞，六月重茵披豹裘，不識寒暑斷他頭。雄兒田蘭為報仇，中夜斬首謝并州。 [MSC, trad.]
     士为将军何可羞，六月重茵披豹裘，不识寒暑断他头。雄儿田兰为报仇，中夜斩首谢并州。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 并州歌

     Shì wèi jiāngjūn hé kě xiū, liù yuè zhòng yīn pī bào qiú, bù shí hán shǔ duàn tā tóu. Xióng ér tián lán wèi bàochóu, zhōng yè zhǎnshǒu xiè bìngzhōu. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 萬物是藉著他造的；凡被造的，沒有一樣不是藉著他造的。 [MSC, trad.]
     万物是借着他造的；凡被造的，没有一样不是借着他造的。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 約翰福音 (John) 1:3

     Wànwù shì jièzhe tā zào de; fán bèi zào de, méiyǒu yī yàng bùshì jièzhe tā zào de. [Pinyin]

     All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.

   • 他也不怕狼蟲，不懼虎豹，登上山頂上觀看。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     他也不怕狼虫，不惧虎豹，登上山顶上观看。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16^th century CE, translation from The Journey to the West (2012), by Anthony C. Yu

     Tā yě bù pà lángchóng, bù jù hǔbào, dēng shàng shāndǐng shàng guānkàn. [Pinyin]

     Since he was afraid neither of wolves and lizards nor of tigers and leopards, [he] went straight to the mountaintop to look around.

   • 我這女學生名叫黛玉。他讀書，凡『敏』字，他皆念作『密』字；寫字，遇著『敏』字亦減一二筆。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     我这女学生名叫黛玉。他读书，凡『敏』字，他皆念作『密』字；写字，遇著『敏』字亦减一二笔。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18^th century CE

     Wǒ zhè nǚxuéshēng míng jiào Dàiyù. Tā dú shū, fán ‘mǐn’ zì, tā jiē niàn zuò ‘mì’ zì; xiě zì, yù zhù ‘mǐn’ zì yì jiǎn yī'èr bǐ. [Pinyin]

     My current girl-pupil – named Daiyu, whenever she reads, she pronounces every character mǐn (敏 "hasty") as mì (密 "honey"); whenever [she] writes, [she] lessens every character 敏's number of strokes by one or two.

2. A dummy pronoun. Compare object pronoun 之 (zhī)

   Alternative form: 它

   睡他個昏天黑地／睡他个昏天黑地  ―  shuì tā ge hūntiānhēidì  ―  sleep like there's no tomorrow

3. other; another

   別無他求／别无他求  ―  bié wú tā qiú  ―  have no other request (formal)

4. a surname

Usage notes

• (personal pronoun):
  • Originally gender-neutral before the 1910s, when the character 她 (tā, “she; her”) was coined; now usually refers to males (also occasionally refers to females).
    • However, 他／她／牠／它／祂 (tā) is only a written distinction; they are all still pronounced as tā.
  • This term can refer to a person of unknown gender or there is no need to mention gender of the person referred to, while 他/她 (gender binary) is also used; see also Internet slang TA (tā, “they (singular)”).

Synonyms

Most of the words in the table below are gender-neutral in spoken form.

Dialectal synonyms of 他 (“he”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		伊1, 彼, 其, 厥, 渠, 夫, 之 object, 乃
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		他
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	他, 怹 honorific
	Taiwan	他
	Chengde	他
	Ulanhot	他
	Tongliao	他
	Chifeng	他
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	他
	Heihe	他
	Qiqihar	他
	Harbin	他
	Jiamusi	他
	Baicheng	他
	Changchun	他
	Tonghua	他
	Shenyang	他
	Jinzhou	他
	Malaysia	他
	Singapore	他
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	他
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	他
	Tangshan	他
	Cangzhou	他
	Lijin	他
	Weifang (Weicheng)	他
	Weifang (Fangzi)	他
	Changle	他
	Shouguang	他
	Wulian	他
	Jinan	他
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	他
	Dandong	他
	Yantai	他
	Yantai (Muping)	他
	Qingdao	他
	Weifang (Hanting)	他
	Changyi	他
	Gaomi	他
	Zhucheng	他
	Anqiu	他
	Linqu	他
	Qingzhou	他
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	他
	Lingbao	他
	Wanrong	他, 伢
	Linfen	他
	Shangqiu	他
	Yuanyang	他
	Zhengzhou	他
	Xinyang	他
	Ankang	他
	Ankang (Xianhe, Hanbin)	他
	Baihe	他
	Baihe (Maoping)	他
	Xi'an	他
	Dingbian	他
	Baoji	他
	Tianshui	他
	Xining	家, 他
	Xuzhou	他
	Pizhou	他
	Lianyungang (Ganyu)	他
	Donghai	他
	Fuyang	他
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	他
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	他
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	他
	Bayanhot	他
	Lanzhou	他, 那
	Dunhuang	他
	Hami	他
	Ürümqi	他
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	他
	Nanchong	他
	Dazhou	他
	Hanyuan	他
	Xichang	他
	Zigong	他
	Chongqing	他
	Wuhan	他, 他家
	Yichang	他
	Xiangyang	他
	Tianmen	他
	Guiyang	他
	Zunyi	他
	Bijie	他
	Liping	他
	Zhaotong	他
	Dali	他
	Kunming	他
	Mengzi	他
	Guilin	他
	Guilin (Lingui)	他
	Pingle	他
	Liuzhou	他
	Liuzhou (Luorong)	他
	Luzhai	他
	Nanning (Xiakuojie)	他
	Nanning (Fujian)	他
	Nanning (Wuming)	他
	Nanning (Fucheng, Wuming)	他
	Binyang (Nanjie)	他
	Jishou	他
	Changde	他
	Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine)	他
	Shiquan	他
	Ziyang	他
	Hanzhong	他
	Kokang	他
	Dagudi (Maliba)	他
	Reshuitang (Longling)	他
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	他
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	他
	Oudomxay	他
	Pematangsiantar	他
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	他
	Yangzhou	他
	Baoying	他
	Taizhou	他
	Zhenjiang	他
	Lianyungang	他
	Huai'an (Huaiyin)	他
	Lianshui	他
	Xuyi	他
	Xinghua	他
	Nantong	他
	Rugao	他
	Yancheng	他
	Funing	他
	Sihong	他
	Anqing	他
	Wuhu	他
	Hefei	他
	Hong'an	他
Mandarin	Qinzhou (Longmengang)	他
	Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle)	他
	Nanping (Yanping)	他
Cantonese	Guangzhou	佢
	Hong Kong	佢
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	佢
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	佢
	Hong Kong (Shek Pik; Weitou)	佢
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	佢
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	佢
	Macau	佢
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	佢
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	佢
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	佢
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	佢
	Foshan	佢
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	佢
	Foshan (Shunde)	佢
	Foshan (Sanshui)	佢
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	佢
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	佢
	Zhongshan (Huancheng)	佢
	Zhongshan (Nanlang)	佢
	Zhongshan (Xiaolan)	佢
	Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan)	佢
	Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan)	佢
	Zhongshan (Henglan)	佢
	Zhongshan (Dongfeng)	佢
	Zhongshan (Nantou)	佢
	Zhongshan (Fusha)	佢
	Zhongshan (Shalang)	佢
	Zhongshan (Gangkou)	佢
	Zhongshan (Huangpu)	佢
	Zhongshan (Sanjiao)	佢
	Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong)	佢
	Zhongshan (Minzhong)	佢
	Zhongshan (Guzhen)	佢
	Zhongshan (Banfu)	佢
	Zhongshan (Tanzhou)	佢
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	佢
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	佢
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	佢
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	佢
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	佢
	Taishan	佢
	Taishan (Guanghai)	佢
	Kaiping (Chikan)	佢
	Enping (Niujiang)	佢
	Heshan (Yayao)	佢
	Dongguan	佢
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	佢
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	佢
	Shenzhen (Pingdong, Longgang; Shehua)	其
	Shenzhen (Pingshan; Zhanmi)	佢
	Qingyuan	佢
	Fogang	佢
	Yingde (Hanguang)	佢
	Yangshan	佢
	Lianshan (Butian)	佢
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	佢
	Shaoguan	佢
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	佢
	Renhua	佢
	Lechang	佢
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	佢
	Sihui	佢
	Guangning	佢
Deqing	佢
Huaiji	佢
Fengkai (Nanfeng)	佢
Yunfu	佢
Xinxing	佢
Luoding	佢
Yunan (Pingtai)	佢
Yangjiang	佢
Xinyi	佢
Lianjiang	佢
Nanning	佢
Wuzhou	佢
Yulin	佢
Hepu (Lianzhou)	佢
Guiping	佢
Guiping (Jintian)	佢
Guiping (Jiangkou)	佢
Guiping (Madong)	佢
Guiping (Mule)	佢
Pingnan	佢
Pingnan (Danzhu)	佢
Mengshan (Xihe)	佢
Guigang (Gangcheng)	佢
Guigang (Nanjiang)	佢
Guigang (Pingdong)	惹
Beiliu (Tangliao)	佢
Baise	佢
Bobai	佢
Lingshan	佢
Pubei	佢
Qinzhou	佢
Qinzhou (Changtan)	佢
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	佢
Beihai	佢
Beihai (Nankang)	佢
Beihai (Yingpan)	佢
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	佢
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	佢
Ningming	佢
Hengzhou	佢
Hezhou (Pumen, Babu)	佢
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	佢
Chongzuo (Laituan)	佢
Fusui (Qujiu)	佢
Danzhou	佢
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	佢
Penang (Guangfu)	佢
Singapore (Guangfu)	佢
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	佢
Móng Cái	佢
Yangon (Taishan)	佢
Mandalay (Taishan)	佢
Gan	Nanchang	渠
	Nanchang (Wangcheng)	渠
	Anyi	渠仂
	Lushan	渠
	Pengze	渠
	Duchang	渠, 渠儂
	Wuning (Quankou)	渠
	Poyang	渠
	Yugan	渠, 渠郎
	Wannian	渠
	Hengfeng	渠, 渠仂
	Yanshan (Hekou)	渠, 渠仂
	Leping	渠
	Yichun	渠
	Yifeng	渠
	Gao'an	渠
	Fengxin	渠
	Shanggao	渠
	Wanzai	渠
	Fengcheng	渠
	Xinyu	渠
	Fuzhou (Shangdundu)	渠
	Fuzhou (Dongxiang)	渠仂
	Nancheng	渠
	Nanfeng	渠仂, 渠
	Yihuang	渠
	Lichuan	渠
	Chongren	渠
	Pingxiang	他
	Lianhua	渠
	Ji'an	渠
	Yongfeng	渠
	Taihe	渠
	Xiajiang	渠
	Yongxin	渠
	Yingtan (Yujiang)	渠
	Guixi	渠, 渠仂
	Jianning	使
	Ankang (Niuti)	渠
	Jinxian	渠
	Jinxi	渠
	Le'an	渠
	Guangchang	渠
	Anfu	渠
	Suichuan	渠
	Wan'an	渠
	Jing'an	渠
	Zhangshu	渠
	Xingan	渠
	Fenyi	渠
Hakka	Meixian	佢
	Xingning	佢
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	佢
	Huidong (Daling)	佢
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	佢
	Boluo (Bendihua)	佢
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	佢
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	佢
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	佢
	Wuhua (Meilin)	佢
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	佢
	Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua)	佢
	Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua)	佢
	Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua)	佢
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	佢
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	佢
	Liannan	佢
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	佢
	Jiexi	佢
	Changting	佢
	Shanghang	佢
	Longyan (Yongding)	佢
	Wuping	佢
	Wuping (Pingyu)	佢
	Liancheng	佢
	Ninghua	佢
	Qingliu	佢
	Yudu	佢
	Ruijin	佢
	Shicheng	佢
	Shangyou (Shexi)	佢
	Ganzhou (Nankang)	佢
	Dingnan	佢
	Longnan	佢
	Xunwu	佢
	Huichang	佢
	Chongyi	佢
	Xingguo	佢
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	佢
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	佢
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	佢
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	佢
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	佢
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	佢
	Hong Kong	佢
	Luchuan	佢
	Bobai (Shahe)	佢
	Bobai (Longtan)	佢
	Bobai (Lingping)	佢
	Bobai (Lingjiao)	佢
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	佢
	Mashan (Pianlian)	佢
	Guigang (Wule)	佢
	Guigang (Qiaoxu)	佢
	Guigang (Batang)	佢
	Guiping (Jintian)	佢
	Guiping (Dongxin)	佢
	Pingnan (Guo'an)	佢
	Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui)	佢
	Sabah (Longchuan)	佢
	Senai (Huiyang)	佢
	Kuching (Hepo)	佢
	Singkawang	佢
	Bangkok (Meixian)	佢
Huizhou	Jixi	渠, 渠仂
	Dexing	渠
	Chun'an (Qiandaohu)	渠
	Jiande (Meicheng)	渠
	Jiande (Shouchang)	渠, 渠儂
Jin	Taiyuan	他
	Yangyuan	他
	Datong	他
	Xinzhou	他
	Lüliang (Lishi)	他
	Changzhi	他
	Taibus (Baochang)	他
	Linhe	他
	Jining	他
	Hohhot	他
	Baotou	他
	Dongsheng	他
	Haibowan	他
	Erenhot	他
	Pingshan	他
	Zhangjiakou	他
	Handan	他
	Anyang	他
	Linzhou	他
	Suide	他
	Shenmu	他
Jiuxing Yumin	Jiande	渠, 渠儂
	Jinhua	渠, 渠儂
	Lanxi	渠, 渠儂
	Tunxi	渠
Northern Min	Jian'ou	渠
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	渠
	Songxi	渠
	Zhenghe	渠
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	渠
	Jianyang	渠
	Pucheng (Shibei)	渠
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	伊1
	Fuzhou (Changle)	伊1
	Lianjiang	伊1
	Fuqing	伊1
	Pingtan	伊1
	Yongtai	伊1
	Minqing	伊1
	Gutian	伊1
	Pingnan	伊1
	Luoyuan	伊1
	Fu'an	伊1
	Ningde	伊1
	Xiapu	伊1
	Zherong	伊1
	Shouning	伊1
	Zhouning	伊1
	Fuding	伊1
	Matsu	伊1
	Taishun	伊1
	Cangnan (Qianku)	伊1
	Sitiawan (Gutian)	伊1
Southern Min	Xiamen	伊1
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	伊1
	Quanzhou	伊1
	Jinjiang	伊1
	Nan'an	伊1
	Shishi	伊1
	Hui'an	伊1
	Anxi	伊1
	Yongchun	伊1
	Dehua	伊1
	Zhangzhou	伊1
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	伊1
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	伊1
	Hua'an	伊1
	Nanjing	伊1
	Pinghe	伊1
	Zhangpu	伊1
	Yunxiao	伊1
	Zhao'an	伊1
	Dongshan	伊1
	Taipei	伊1
	Taipei (Wanhua)	伊1
	Kaohsiung	伊1
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	伊1
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	伊1
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	伊1
	Yilan	伊1
	Changhua (Lukang)	伊1
	Taichung	伊1
	Taichung (Wuqi)	伊1
	Tainan	伊1
	Taitung	伊1
	Hsinchu	伊1
	Kinmen	伊1
	Penghu (Magong)	伊1
	Penang (Hokkien)	伊1
	Singapore (Hokkien)	伊1
	Manila (Hokkien)	伊1
	Medan (Hokkien)	伊1
	Longyan	伊1
	Zhangping	伊1
	Datian	伊1
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	他, 伊1
	Pingnan (Pingtian)	伊1
	Pingnan (Sijie)	伊1
	Guiping (Xiaowen)	伊1
	Guiping (Dongsheng)	伊1
	Guilin (Biyange)	伊1
	Pingle (Zhoutang)	伊1
	Lechang (Tatou)	伊1
	Renhua (Changshabei)	伊1
	Yingde (Yuzui)	伊1
	Yunan (Liantan)	伊1
	Cangnan	伊1
	Chaozhou	伊1
	Shantou	伊1
	Shantou (Chenghai)	伊1
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	伊1
	Nan'ao (Houzhai)	伊1
	Nan'ao (Yun'ao)	伊1
	Jieyang	伊1
	Haifeng	伊1
	Bangkok (Teochew)	伊1
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	伊1
Hat Yai (Teochew)	伊1
Johor Bahru (Teochew)	伊1
Singapore (Teochew)	伊1
Pontianak (Teochew)	伊1
Leizhou	伊1
Wenchang	伊1
Haikou	伊1
Qionghai	伊1
Singapore (Hainanese)	伊1
Puxian Min	Putian	伊1
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	伊1
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	伊1
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	伊1
	Xianyou	伊1
	Xianyou (Fengting)	伊1
	Xianyou (Youyang)	伊1
Central Min	Yong'an	渠
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	渠
	Sanming (Shaxian)	渠
	Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping)	渠
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	𠇼
	Guangze	𠇼
	Jiangle	渠
	Mingxi	渠
	Shunchang	渠
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	伊1
	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	伊1
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	佢
	Nanning (Shajing)	佢
	Binyang	那
	Binyang (Xinqiao)	那
	Wuxuan (Laishan)	那
	Wuxuan (Zhangcun)	那
	Chongzuo (Laituan)	佢
	Chongzuo (Xinhe)	佢
	Fusui (Longtou)	佢
	Liucheng (Yangmei)	他
	Liucheng (Guzhai)	那
	Liucheng (Liming)	他
	Rongshui	他
	Hechi (Desheng, Yizhou)	他
	Luocheng (Niubi)	他
	Baise (Nabi)	佢
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	他
	Guilin (Chaoyang)	他
	Guilin (Dongbianzhou)	他
	Guilin (Zhuyuan)	他
	Guilin (Wutong, Lingui)	他
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	他
	Lingchuan (Tanxia)	他
	Pingle (Zhangjia)	佢
	Pingle (Xintangmian)	佢
	Yongfu (Tangbao)	他
	Zhongshan (Gong'an)	佢
Shehua	Jingning (Hexi)	渠
Wu	Shanghai	伊2
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	是渠, 是渠, 渠, 是伊
	Shanghai (Fengxian)	是伊, 渠伊
	Shanghai (Jinshan)	是伊, 渠伊
	Shanghai (Jiading)	伊2
	Shanghai (Yuepu, Baoshan)	是伊
	Shanghai (Chongming)	伊2
	Suzhou	俚, 俚倷, 唔倷
	Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)	伊2, 伊奴
	Wuxi	佗
	Changshu	伊2
	Nantong (Haimen)	他, 伊2
	Jiaxing	伊內
	Jiashan	伊2, 伊儂
	Pinghu	伊儂
	Haining (Yanguan)	伊2
	Tongxiang	伊2, 夷儂
	Haiyan	伊2, 葉內, 候內
	Changzhou	佗
	Danyang	他
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	他
	Huzhou	是其
	Changxing	是夷, 夷
	Anji	其
	Deqing	夷
	Hangzhou	他
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	夷, 其
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	夷, 是夷, 其
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	夷, 是夷
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	夷
	Tonglu	夷, 是夷
	Tonglu (Wusheng)	夷, 他
	Shaoxing	夷
	Zhuji	其
	Shengzhou	夷
	Xinchang	其
	Ningbo	渠, 渠儂
	Ningbo (Zhenhai)	其
	Ningbo (Fenghua)	其
	Yuyao	渠
	Cixi	渠
	Xiangshan	其, 像其
	Ninghai	其, 其儂
	Zhoushan	其
	Taizhou (Huangyan)	渠
	Tiantai	渠
	Xianju	渠
	Sanmen	渠
	Linhai	渠
	Wenling	渠
	Wenzhou	渠
	Yueqing	渠
	Yongjia (Fenglin)	渠
	Rui'an	渠
	Pingyang	渠
	Taishun	其
	Wencheng	渠
	Lishui	渠
	Qingtian	渠
	Jinyun	渠
	Wuyi (Liucheng)	渠
	Songyang (Xiping)	渠
	Yunhe	他, 其
	Jingning	他, 渠
Qingyuan	渠
Longquan	渠
Quzhou	渠
Suichang	渠
Jiangshan	渠
Changshan	渠
Kaihua	渠
Longyou	渠, 渠儂
Jinhua	渠
Jinhua (Tangxi)	渠, 渠儂
Yiwu	渠
Yongkang	渠
Pujiang	其, 徐
Dongyang	渠
Wuyi	渠
Lanxi	渠, 渠儂
Xiang	Changsha	他
	Loudi	他
	Shuangfeng	他
	Hengyang	其
	Quanzhou	他
	Guanyang (Wenshi)	他
Note	In spoken language, Chinese varieties in general do not distinguish gender/animacy in the third-person pronoun; distinctions are only sometimes made in writing. 佢 is commonly used in Yue, Hakka and Pinghua, while 渠 is more common in other varieties

• (neologism, rare, specifically male) 𲰼 (tā)
• (neologism, rare, specifically gender neutral) 𲎿 (tā)

See also

Standard Mandarin Chinese personal pronouns

		singular	plural
1st person	—	我 (wǒ)	我們／我们 (wǒmen)
	inclusive		咱們／咱们 (zánmen)
2nd person	male/indefinite	你 (nǐ)	你們／你们 (nǐmen)
	female	妳／你 (nǐ)	妳們／你们 (nǐmen)
	deity	祢 (nǐ)	祢們／祢们 (nǐmen)
	polite	您 (nín)	你們／你们 (nǐmen) 您們／您们 (nínmen)
3rd person	male/indefinite	他 (tā)	他們／他们 (tāmen)
	female	她 (tā)	她們／她们 (tāmen)
	deity	祂 (tā)	祂們／祂们 (tāmen)
	polite	怹 (tān)	他們／他们 (tāmen) 怹們／怹们 (tānmen)
	animal	牠／它 (tā)	牠們／它们 (tāmen)
	inanimate	它 (tā)	它們／它们 (tāmen)

• 其 (qí)

Compounds

• 不他
• 世海他人
• 之死靡他
• 他事 (tāshì)
• 他人 (tārén)
• 他他籍籍
• 他他藉藉 / 他他借借
• 他們 / 他们
• 他倆 / 他俩 (tāliǎ)
• 他們倆 / 他们俩 (tāmen liǎ)
• 他儂 / 他侬
• 他出
• 他力
• 他動 / 他动
• 他動詞 / 他动词 (tādòngcí)
• 他國 / 他国 (tāguó)
• 他大
• 他姓
• 他娘
• 他娘的
• 他媽 / 他妈 (tāmā)
• 他媽媽 / 他妈妈
• 他媽的 / 他妈的 (tāmāde)
• 他室
• 他家 (tājiā)
• 他家的事
• 他山
• 他山之攻
• 他山之石
• 他山攻錯 / 他山攻错
• 他岐
• 他己
• 他年
• 他律 (tālǜ)
• 他心 (tāxīn)
• 他心通
• 他志
• 他意 (tāyì)
• 他懣 / 他懑
• 他故
• 他敘式 / 他叙式
• 他方 (tāfāng)
• 他方言語 / 他方言语
• 他方說 / 他方说
• 他日 (tārì)
• 他時 / 他时
• 他殺 / 他杀 (tāshā)
• 他每
• 他無所有 / 他无所有
• 他爹
• 他生 (tāshēng)
• 他稱 / 他称 (tāchēng)
• 他端
• 他腸 / 他肠
• 他處 / 他处
• 他說 / 他说
• 他誰 / 他谁
• 他辰
• 他途
• 他適 / 他适
• 他遷 / 他迁
• 他鄉 / 他乡 (tāxiāng)
• 他鄉外府 / 他乡外府
• 他鄉外縣 / 他乡外县
• 伽他
• 依他性
• 依他起性
• 假手他人 (jiǎshǒutārén)
• 其他 (qítā)
• 利他 (lìtā)
• 利他主義 / 利他主义 (lìtā zhǔyì)
• 別無他法 / 别无他法
• 匪他
• 四海他人
• 尉他
• 排他 (páitā)
• 排他性 (páitāxìng)
• 橐他
• 此他
• 潘他唑新
• 無他 / 无他
• 燕入他家
• 笑罵由他 / 笑骂由他
• 管他
• 管他的 (guǎntāde)
• 自他
• 覺他 / 觉他
• 謾他 / 谩他
• 非他
• 靡他
• 顧而言他 / 顾而言他

Descendants

• Wutunhua: ta (“he; she; it”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tā (ta¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄚ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): taa¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tā
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄚ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ta
    • Wade–Giles: tʻa¹
    • Yale: tā
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ta
    • Palladius: та (ta)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰä⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: taa¹
    • Yale: tā
    • Cantonese Pinyin: taa¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ta¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰaː⁵⁵/

Definitions

他

1. Used in transcription.

Compounds

• K他命
• 亞斯他錄 / 亚斯他录 (Yàsītālù)
• 他他醬 / 他他酱 (tātājiàng)
• 他克莫司 (tākèmòsī)
• 他加祿語 / 他加禄语 (Tājiālùyǔ)
• 他唑巴坦 (tāzuòbātǎn)
• 他媽哥池 / 他妈哥池 (tāmāgēchí)
• 他庫西 / 他库西
• 他拉他拉
• 他汀
• 他瑪羅池 / 他玛罗池
• 他莫昔芬 (tāmòxīfēn)
• 他駱拔 / 他骆拔
• 克他命 (kètāmìng)
• 北達科他 / 北达科他 (Běi-Dákētā)
• 南達科他 / 南达科他 (Nán-Dákētā)
• 博他侖 / 博他仑 (Bótālún)
• 卡他 (kǎtā)
• 卡他莫拉菌 (kǎtā mòlājūn)
• 厄他培南 (ètāpéinán)
• 吉他 (jítā)
• 各各他 (Gègètā)
• 吉西他濱 / 吉西他滨 (jíxītābīn)
• 地氯雷他定 (dìlǜléitādìng)
• 多保他命 (duōbǎotāmìng)
• 夭他 (Yāotā)
• 奢摩他
• 奶烏他 / 奶乌他
• 安非他命 (ānfēitāmìng)
• 安非他明 (ānfēitāmíng)
• 安非他酮 (ānfēitātóng)
• 巴吞他尼 (Bātūntāní)
• 巽他
• 巽他海峽 / 巽他海峡 (Xùntā Hǎixiá)
• 巽他王國 / 巽他王国 (Xùntā Wángguó)
• 巽他群島 / 巽他群岛 (Xùntā Qúndǎo)
• 巽他語 / 巽他语 (Xùntāyǔ)
• 布美他尼 (bùměitāní)
• 拿弗他利 (Náfútālì)
• 曲美他嗪 (qūměitāqín)
• 枸地氯雷他定 (jǔdìlǜléitādìng)
• 氯雷他定 (lǜléitādìng)
• 水烏他 / 水乌他
• 洛伐他汀 (luòfátātīng)
• 漢他病毒 / 汉他病毒 (hàntābìngdú)
• 烏汶叻差他尼 / 乌汶叻差他尼 (Wūwèn Lèchātāní)
• 烏泰他尼 / 乌泰他尼 (Wūtàitāní)
• 烏隆他尼 / 乌隆他尼 (Wūlóngtāní)
• 猶他 / 犹他 (Yóutā)
• 猶他盜龍 / 犹他盗龙 (Yóutā dàolóng)
• 甲基安非他命 (jiǎjī'ānfēitāmìng)
• 素叻他尼 (Sùlètāní)
• 結他 / 结他
• 維他命 / 维他命 (wéitāmìng)
• 美他沙酮 (měitāshātóng)
• 蘇門他拉 / 苏门他拉 (Sūméntālā)
• 西洛他唑 (xīluòtāzuò)
• 貝他 / 贝他
• 貝他係數 / 贝他系数
• 貝他射線 / 贝他射线
• 貝他蛻變 / 贝他蜕变
• 辛伐他汀 (xīnfátātīng)
• 達科他 / 达科他 (Dákētā)
• 開他敏 / 开他敏 (kāitāmǐn)
• 阿托伐他汀 (ātuōfátātīng)
• 阿育他亞 / 阿育他亚 (Āyùtāyà)
• 電吉他 / 电吉他 (diànjítā)
• 電結他 / 电结他
• 頭孢他啶 / 头孢他啶 (tóubāotādìng)
• 馬爾他 / 马尔他 (Mǎ'ěrtā)
• 馬耳他 / 马耳他 (Mǎ'ěrtā)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tuó (tuo²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄛˊ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tuó
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tuó
    • Wade–Giles: tʻo²
    • Yale: twó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: two
    • Palladius: то (to)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

Definitions

他

1. alternative form of 馱 / 驮

References

• “他”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

他

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: た (ta, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: た (ta, Jōyō)
• Kun: ほか (hoka, 他, Jōyō)
• Nanori: おさ (osa)、ひと (hito)、ほか (hoka)

Compounds

• 他(た)意(い) (tai, “another meaning (for one's behavior or speech)”)
• 他(た)我(が) (taga, “other minds”)
• 他(た)界(かい) (takai, “the world after death”)
• 他(た)殺(さつ) (tasatsu, “murder”)
• 他(た)動(どう)詞(し) (tadōshi, “transitive verb”)
• 他(た)人(にん) (tanin, “unrelated person”)
• 他(た)愛(あい) (tāi, “altruism”)
• 他(た)家(け) (take)
• 他(た)覚(かく)症(しょう) (takakushō)
• 他(た)覚(かく)的(てき) (takakuteki)
• 他(た)郷(きょう) (takyō)
• 他(た)見(けん) (taken)
• 他(た)言(ごん) (tagon, “telling the other persons”)
• 他(た)行(ぎょう) (tagyō)
• 他(た)国(こく) (takoku, “the other country”)
• 他(た)山(ざん) (tazan)
• 他(た)事(じ) (taji)
• 他(た)社(しゃ) (tasha, “the other company”)
• 他(た)者(しゃ) (tasha)
• 他(た)出(しゅつ) (tashutsu)
• 他(た)所(しょ) (tasho)
• 他(た)称(しょう) (tashō)
• 他(た)心(しん) (tashin)
• 他(た)生(しょう) (tashō)
• 他(た)薦(せん) (tasen)
• 他(た)念(ねん) (tanen)
• 他(た)派(は) (taha)
• 他(た)物(ぶつ) (tabutsu)
• 他(た)聞(ぶん) (tabun)
• 他(た)方(ほう) (tahō)
• 他(た)面(めん) (tamen)
• 他(た)律(りつ) (taritsu)
• 他(た)流(りゅう) (taryū)
• 他(た)力(りき) (tariki)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
他
ほか Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
外

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *poka.

Related to Baekje ホカ (*poka, “outside”), compare Korean 밖 (bak, “outside”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ほか [hòká] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ho̞ka̠]

Noun

他(ほか) • (hoka) 

1. another, other, some other, the rest

   この他(ほか)にも行(ゆ)き先(さき)がありますか。

   Kono hoka ni mo yukisaki ga arimasu ka.

   Do you have any other destinations?

   他(ほか)にだれが手(て)伝(つだ)いに行(い)きますか。

   Hoka ni dare ga tetsudai ni ikimasu ka.

   Who else will go to help you?

Derived terms

• 他(ほか)ならぬ (hokanaranu)
• その他(ほか) (sono hoka)

Idiom

1. 他(ほか)でもない (hoka de mo nai): “there isn't anything else” → “specifically what I want to say is...” (used to emphasize what one is about to say)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
他
た Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 他 (MC tha).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) た [táꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ta̠]

Noun

他(た) • (ta) 

1. another, other, some other

   この事(じ)業(ぎょう)は他(た)を利(り)するために開(かい)始(し)されました。

   Kono jigyō wa ta o risuru tame ni kaishi saremashita.

   This project was started in order to benefit others.

Derived terms

• その他(た) (sono ta)

Idioms

• 他(た)に累(るい)を及(およ)ぼす (ta ni rui o oyobosu): “extend the involvement (entanglement) to others” → involve others in trouble
• 他(た)に例(れい)を見(み)ない (ta ni rei o minai): “an example not seen in others” → incomparable
• 他(た)の言(げん)に惑(まど)わされる (ta no gen ni madowasareru): “to be led astray by others' words”

References

• “他”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja

他 (eumhun 남 타 (nam ta))

1. hanja form^? of 타 (“another, other, some other”)

Compounds

• 기타(其他) (gita, “other”)

Vietnamese

Han character

他: Hán Việt readings: tha
他: Nôm readings: thà, thơ, tha, thè, thá, thả, thoa, xoa, đà

1. chữ Nôm form of tha
   1. to forgive
   2. (of animals) to carry with the mouth
   3. used in tha ma (“(informal) graveyard”)
   4. used in thiết tha (“earnest; ardent; fervent”)
   5. used in thướt tha (“elegant”)
2. chữ Nôm form of thà
   1. (before verbs) used to signify a better choice or preference
   2. used in thật thà, thực thà (“truthful; honest; sincere”)
3. chữ Nôm form of thả (“to release; to let go; to set free”)
4. chữ Nôm form of thoa (“alternative form of xoa (“to apply, to put, to rub substances or liquids”)”)
5. chữ Nôm form of thơ
   1. young; tender
   2. used in thơ thẩn (“to wander with vague thoughts”)
6. chữ Nôm form of xoa (“to rub; to put; to apply; to smear”)

Zhuang

Pronoun

他

1. Sawndip form of de (“he, she, it”)