Papers by Srinivasan Kalyanaraman
H-1930a kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus:sal 'workshop'. Thus b... more H-1930a kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus:sal 'workshop'. Thus bronze/bell-metal workshop. kuṭila 'bent' CDIAL 3230 kuṭi-in cmpd. 'curve', kuṭika-'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) kuṭila 'curve' rebus: 'bronze' kuñca kanac 'abrus precatorius, corner' rebus: guñjī f. 'skein of gold or silver thread' kor̤ u 'sprout', kora 'bud' rebus: kor̤ u 'bar of metal' Thus, bronze skein of gold or silver thread bar of metal (ingot). H-1930b kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' Or, warehouse kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse. baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, metalcasting furnace. H-1930c ? Crocodile : karā crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' Blacksmith metalcasting furnace warehouse-Bell-metal workshop bronze skein of gold-silver thread bar of metal-H-1930
H-951. 4498 Text. ranku ‘liquid measure’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’
dhvajapaṭa ʻflagʼ PLUS dhvajapaṭam. ... more H-951. 4498 Text. ranku ‘liquid measure’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’
dhvajapaṭa ʻflagʼ PLUS dhvajapaṭam. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773) Thus, dhā̆vaḍ koḍ ‘iron smelter workshop’.
kāraṇīka ‘steersman’ lōhakāra kammaṭa ‘blacksmith mint’
ganda ‘four’ rebus:khanda ‘implements’ bata ‘rimless pot’ rebus: bata ‘iron’ bhata ‘furnace’
Major account category ledgers and journal entries have been decoded
Executive summary of ledgers... more Major account category ledgers and journal entries have been decoded
Executive summary of ledgers and journals of 9412 inscriptions is presented.
1. Maritime trade ledger account (all seals with Unicorn+standard device) 2. Blacksmith; supercargo, daybook silver alloy metals ledger account 3. कारणी kāraṇī, कारणीक kāraṇīka Supercargo or Prime Minister of a State ledger account 4. Artisans village śālika ledger account
5. Miniature tablets and H-1997 with the frequent sequence of 3 signs Journal entries of wealth account hard alloy daybook transactions
-- Work in process ledger tokens , cargo manifest journal entries -- Conjoined tokens create Melu... more -- Work in process ledger tokens , cargo manifest journal entries -- Conjoined tokens create Meluhha product signifiers of Indus Script Cipher -- A tribute to the brilliant work done by HARP Team of Archaeologists with finds of such ledger tokens at Harappa
-- cāli ‘Interlocking bodies’ of monkeys signify ಶಾಲಿಕ śālika a village of artificers
--Errors in the identity of a sacred filter components posited by Mahadevan
I submit that compone... more --Errors in the identity of a sacred filter components posited by Mahadevan
I submit that component 6 in the drawing is the key script cipher. सांगड sāṅgaḍa (संघट्ट S) That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig. Top and Bottom Registers taken together signify rebus: sāṅgaḍa, ‘dhow, maritime seafaring vessel’; kōndaṇa sāṅgaḍa ‘dhow with cargo of set gems in fine gold’
H-196. Line 1. Sign 134. musa, muha 'lid' rebus: mũhã̄ 'furnace produce' + koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ ... more H-196. Line 1. Sign 134. musa, muha 'lid' rebus: mũhã̄ 'furnace produce' + koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, workshop for smelter produce. kanka, karṇaka, 'rim of jar' rebus: kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karṇīka, 'account, scribe', karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' ranku 'liquid measure' (Santali) Rebus: ranku 'tin' (Santali) kor̤ u 'sprout', kora 'bud' rebus: kor̤ u 'bar of metal' Line 2. baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄= the quantity of iron produced from a furnace (Santali) Sign 321. anvil. araṇi 'smith's anvil' (Sindhi) Rebus: araṇa 'smithy, furnace, bastion' H-196. Line 3. dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Crossing dāṭu 'cross' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal castings'. Thus, mineral ore metal castings. dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal castings' PLUS baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) bhaṭa 'furnace'. Thus, metal casting furnace. Furnace produce workshop tin bar of metal iron furnace produce smithy bastion metalcastings furnace H-196 Text script 4309
Meluhha Indus Script on Harappa potsherd, ca. 3300 BCE Mid-31st cent. BCE ivory tags from Abydos ... more Meluhha Indus Script on Harappa potsherd, ca. 3300 BCE Mid-31st cent. BCE ivory tags from Abydos tagaraka 'tabernae montant flower' rebus: tagara 'tin'; + kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; thus tin smithy. This writing predates, by a century, the 300+ ivory,bone tags of Abydos with Egyptian hieroglyphs.
0-Scores of inscriptions falsify cryptanalysis based on Shannon alphabet substitution which 1) ig... more 0-Scores of inscriptions falsify cryptanalysis based on Shannon alphabet substitution which 1) ignores the exquisite information provided by symbols and 2) force-fits the symbols into 25 alphabets of Samskrtam-The most frequent Sign 342 is NOT an alphabet substitution of an aṃ phonemes of Samskrtam but rebus signifier of the Meluhha word karaṇam 'trade' (Oriya)-Sign 184 component logograph is Meluhha khara 'onager' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' and is ligatured with Sign 169 Meluhha xolā, qoli 'short tail' or kor̤ u 'sprout' rebus kor̤ u 'bar of metal' (ingot)' ; together rebus करकोळ karakōḷa'Miscellaneous iron articles'-Khirsara Kanmer inscriptions of ironwork maritime trade
1. mũh 'a face' rebus: mũhã̄ ‘the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native
smelting fu... more 1. mũh 'a face' rebus: mũhã̄ ‘the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native
smelting furnace of the Kolhes’
2. pōḷa 'zebu', rebus pōḷa 'iron ore, magnetite ore‘
3. ibha ‘elephant’ rebus: ib ‘iron’ ibbo ‘merchant’
4. dhaṭu 'scarf‘ rebus: dhatu ‘ore’
5. ಪಣಿ paṇi. Tbh. of ಫಣಿ a snake, a cobra. (Śmd. 338)’ rebus: paṇi ‘merchant’+
Pk. phaḍa -- m.n. ʻ snake's hood ʼ, ˚ḍā -- f., M. phaḍā m., ˚ḍī f. b. A. pheṭ, phẽṭ.(CDIAL 9040) rebus: फडा phaḍā 'metals manufactory‘ (Marathi)
6. ṭaṁka, ṭaṅga (Pkt.Sindhi) 'thigh of a bovine‘ rebus: ṭaṅka-šālā, taṅka-cālai
‘Mint, place where money is coined ’
7. kul, kola ‘tiger’ rebus: kol ‘working in iron’ kolhe ‘smelter’; thus, iron smelter
8. ḍhangra 'bull'. Rebus: ḍhangar 'blacksmith'. ṭhākur ʻblacksmithʼ(Maithili)
(CDIAL 5488)
9. कांठाळ kāṇṭhāḷa 'double-sack‘ rebus: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ 'maritime (trade)‘
10. खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf rebus: कोंड kōṇḍa ’circular hamlets of guild’
11. kara ‘hand’ karāī f. 'wrist’ rebus: kara ‘revenue’ karṇīka ‘scraper’ rebus: कारणी kāraṇī, कारणीक kāraṇīka ‘prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c.’
Monkey : रत्नी ratnī f (रत्न) In monkey-sports. A term given to the female monkey habited as a wo... more Monkey : रत्नी ratnī f (रत्न) In monkey-sports. A term given to the female monkey habited as a woman (Marathi) Rebus: rátna n. ʻ gift ʼ RV., ʻ treasure, jewel ʼ Mn. [√raṇ1] Pa. ratana-n. ʻ jewel ʼ, Pk. rayaṇa-, ladaṇa-m.n., Si. ruvan-a.(CDIAL 10600) ratnākara m. ʻ jewel-mine, ocean ʼ Kāv. [rátna-, ākara-]Pa. ratanākara-m. ʻ mine of jewels or precious metals ʼ, Pk. rayanāara-m.;-Si. ruvanāra ʻ ocean ʼ (EGS 148) prob. ← Pa.(CDIAL 10601) रत्न n. (√1. रा) a gift , present , goods , wealth , riches RV. AV. S3Br.; a magnet , loadstone Kap. Sch. (cf. मणि); रत्न-हविस ् n. a partic. oblation in the राजस ू य (having reference to persons who may be reckoned among a king's most valuable treasures) Ka1tyS3r. (cf. रत्न ्/इन ्). रत्त्नन ् mfn. possessing or receiving gifts RV.; m. pl. N. of certain persons in whose dwelling the रत्न-हविस ् (q.v.) is offered by a king (viz.the ब्राह्मि, राजन्य, महहषी, पररि ृ क्ती, से ना-नी, स ू त,ग्राम-िी, क्षत्त ृ , सं ग्रहीत ृ , भाग-द ु घ, and अक्षािाप) TBr. S3Br.(°नन-त्ि n. TBr.
Inscriptions accounting revenue into the Guild treasury-Composite animal is कारणीक kāraṇīka 'prim... more Inscriptions accounting revenue into the Guild treasury-Composite animal is कारणीक kāraṇīka 'prime minister of a state; signifies Guild Treasury.-Crucible furnace ingots and anvil work of artificers-muhã bhaṭa 'cast iron ingot furnace' deposited into phaḍā, paṭṭaḍe 'metals manufactory treasury'-M-449, M-1399, M-2020. H-2049 to 2052 23-09-2025 M2033. Field symbol: Circumscript kāṇḍa 'water'. Rebus: लोखं ड lokhaṇḍ Iron tools, vessels, or articles in general. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥ gveda) PLUS karā crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' PLUS eraka 'upraised hand' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper'kamaḍha 'penance' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'மேறட mēṭai, n. [T. mēḍa.] Platform, raised floor'rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' PLUS (Bovine legs of platform): dhangar 'bovine' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'kuṭila 'bent' CDIAL 3230 dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' + ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloymetal'; thus alloymetal metalcasting. kuṭi-in cmpd. 'curve', kuṭika-'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla-.1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिललकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिललकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, bronze castings.kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus bronze/bell-metal workshop. bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' P. khattrī m.; Si. käti 'warrior'. (CDIAL 3649) Rebus: khati 'wheelwright' (H.) kāṭi = fireplace in the form of a long ditch (Ta.Skt.Vedic) aḍar 'harrow' Rebus: aduru 'native metal' (Kannada)+ maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) < mr̥ du 'iron' mr̥ id 'earth, clay, loam' (Samskrtam) Tu. guttu a leap, jump; a stride (DEDR 1705) Rebus: kuthi 'smelter'. Sign 233. Tridhatu 'three metals' M-2033. metal work deposited into phaḍā, paṭṭaḍe 'metals manufactory treasury' by wheelwright working with alloy metals
– Signifier of जांगड jāṅgaḍa वही maritime account of double-canoe with wealth cargo
-- sãgaḍ f.... more – Signifier of जांगड jāṅgaḍa वही maritime account of double-canoe with wealth cargo
-- sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatusʼ Rebus: ‘जांगड jāṅgaḍa ‘high-value sale transactions’ recognized in Indian jurisprudence.Thus, a double-canoe cargo manifest ledger is created in the accounting system.
--Visual language Rosetta stones from ANE veneration of metalworkers
"The only instance in which... more --Visual language Rosetta stones from ANE veneration of metalworkers
"The only instance in which bitumen (undoubtedly obtained from a long distance) is used in masonry in order to make it watertight, is in the construction of this Great Bath. It is apparent that the bath used to be filled with water at regular intervals from the three wells in the neighbourhood, and there are arrangements for carefully emptying the bath through a square hole in a comer into a passage whence it was carried through a culvert high enough to allow a man to pass through it. This establishment was thus very important and unique, and it is possible that the visitors to the main temple, which stood at a short distance from the Bath, used it for ceremonial purposes. The existence of a group of small bath rooms at a short distance of the Great Bath, each of which is provided with a stairway, probably leading to a cell above, indicates the existence of an order of holy men, who were required to perform ablutions very frequently" –K.N. Dikshit, 1935, Prehistoric civilization of the Indus Valley, Univ. of Madras, p. 19.
Arms adorned with scraper. Sign 177. karaṇī, कर्णि क karṇika 'trowel to smooth' Rebus: कर्णि क ka... more Arms adorned with scraper. Sign 177. karaṇī, कर्णि क karṇika 'trowel to smooth' Rebus: कर्णि क karṇika 'helmsman' (Apte) कारणी kāraṇī, कारणीक kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c. Scraper or trowel sign 177 is the defining grapheme which identifies three dignitaries on Indus Script Corpora on M-1181 M-304 M-453-all three are seated in penance. कारणी kāraṇī, कारणीक kāraṇīka is a rebus signified Supercargo or Prime Minister of a State-Sign 177 is rebus signifier karaṇī, कर्णि क karṇika 'scraper or trowel to smooth'-This Sign 177 is fused into the arms of the guild dignitaries seated in Yogic penance-M-1181 M-304 M-453
--Kernunnos Karnonov त्त्वाष्ट् र tvāṣṭra taṭṭhāra Tuisto Tuisco bārī 'torc' graphme signifies bā... more --Kernunnos Karnonov त्त्वाष्ट् र tvāṣṭra taṭṭhāra Tuisto Tuisco bārī 'torc' graphme signifies bārī 'merchant' --Indus Script legacy traced in European artifactsLegacy of Indus Script graphemes on European artifacts on Pillar of Boatmen Kernunnos Karnonov (Cernunnos), on Gundestrup Cauldron Kernunnos of Celtic tomb of Lavau (500 BCE) Pillar of boatmen, Paris shows a Meluhha boatman with torcs on horns: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri). Legacy of Indus Script graphemes on European artifacts kāraṇīka 'supercargo, Prime Minister' karṇadhāra khār 'Meluhha helmsman, blacksmith-Kernunnos Karnonov त्त्वाष्ट् र tvāṣṭra taṭṭhāra > Tuisto Tuisco Tuisto, Tuisco founder of Germanic people is त्त्वाष्ट् र tvāṣṭra taṭṭār 'goldsmith'; Nepali. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ (CDIAL 5491) 1. Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra-m.,K. ṭhoṭhur m.,S. ṭhãṭhāro m.,P. ṭhaṭhiār, ˚rā m. P.ludh.ṭhaṭherā m.'brass worker', Ku. ṭhaṭhero N. ṭhaṭero,Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri,H. ṭhaṭherā (CDIAL 5493) தட் டார் , s. (sing. தட் டான் .) Gold or silversmiths; (lit.) beaters. தட் டாரப் பபாட் டு. Rich abroad and poor at home. [prov.]-Winslow's "A comprehensive Tamil and English dictionary"
Legacy of Indus Script graphemes on European artifacts--bārī 'earring' rebus bārī 'merchant' --Ke... more Legacy of Indus Script graphemes on European artifacts--bārī 'earring' rebus bārī 'merchant' --Kernunnos Karnonov त्त्वाष्ट् र tvāṣṭra taṭṭhāra Tuisto Tuisco bārī 'torc' graphme signifies bārī 'merchant' --Indus Script legacy traced in European artifactsKernunnos on Pillar of Boatmen Kernunnos Karnonov (Cernunnos), on Gundestrup Cauldron Kernunnos of Celtic tomb of Lavau (500 BCE) Pillar of boatmen, Paris shows a Meluhha boatman with torcs on horns: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri). Legacy of Indus Script graphemes on European artifacts kāraṇīka 'supercargo, Prime Minister' karṇadhāra khār 'Meluhha helmsman, blacksmith-Kernunnos Karnonov त्त्वाष्ट् र tvāṣṭra taṭṭhāra > Tuisto Tuisco Tuisto, Tuisco founder of Germanic people is त्त्वाष्ट् र tvāṣṭra taṭṭār 'goldsmith'; Nepali. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ (CDIAL 5491) 1. Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra-m.,K. ṭhoṭhur m.,S. ṭhãṭhāro m.,P. ṭhaṭhiār, ˚rā m. P.ludh.ṭhaṭherā m.'brass worker', Ku. ṭhaṭhero N. ṭhaṭero,Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri,H. ṭhaṭherā (CDIAL 5493) தட் டார் , s. (sing. தட் டான் .) Gold or silversmiths; (lit.) beaters. தட் டாரப் பபாட் டு. Rich abroad and poor at home. [prov.]-Winslow's "A comprehensive Tamil and English dictionary"
The Cosmic Purusha stands fourteen rājus tall. Within him countless souls wander without knowledg... more The Cosmic Purusha stands fourteen rājus tall. Within him countless souls wander without knowledge--eleventh verse in a thirteen-verse hymn in the Braj language Bārah Bhāvnā” or “Twelve Reflections,” sung by Poet Bhūdhardās
This image depicts a Jain cosmological diagram, likely a representation of the Loka or universe according to Jain philosophy.
The central figure, adorned with numerical inscriptions and symbols, represents the structure of the universe, often divided into three realms: Urdhva Loka (upper world), Madhya Loka (middle world), and Adho Loka (lower world).
The text in Devanagari script, visible in various parts of the image, provides details and calculations related to these cosmic divisions and the beings residing within them.
The intricate details and numerical values suggest a sophisticated system of measurement and classification within Jain cosmology.
Such diagrams are used in Jainism for meditation, study, and understanding the nature of existence and the path to liberation.
"But even more revealing for the intensity of contact and commercial exchange between the two all... more "But even more revealing for the intensity of contact and commercial exchange between the two alluvial heartlands was the discovery in the Louvre reserves of a well-preserved clay impression stamped by an inscribed Indus seal, which had been brought to the museum by a dealer shortly before World War I, before the Indus Civilization had even been recognized.“== Maurizio Tosi - From The Indus Civilization beyond the Indian Subcontinent in Save Mohenjo Daro!, Compiled by Madad Ali Sindhi, Culture Department, Government of Sindh, 2022. pp. 56-57. Images: Seal impression and reverse
The artistic device of 4 conjoined tiger bodies is comparable to entwined tigers on M-295 Indus ... more The artistic device of 4 conjoined tiger bodies is comparable to entwined tigers on M-295 Indus Script seal.
tāmarasa, 'lotus' rebus: tāmra 'copper’
tsarkh ‘potter’s wheel’ rebus: arka ‘copper, gold; sun’s rays’
khara ‘onager’ rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’
ibha ‘elephant rebus ib ‘iron’ ibbho ‘merchant’
pola khũṭ ’zebu’ rebus: 'guild’ working in pola ‘magnetite ore’ smelter.
cāli 'Interlocking bodies’ Rebus: sal'workshop’ (Santali) śālika ‘village of smelter artisans ‘
Capital, or head, of a column erected by the Mauryan emperor Aśoka in Sarnath, India, c. 250 BCE. Its crowning features are four life-sized lions set back to back on a drum-shaped abacus. The side of the abacus is adorned with wheels in relief, and interspersing them, four animals, a lion, an elephant, a bull, and a galloping horse follow each other from right to left. A bell-shaped lotus forms the lowest member of the capital, and the whole 2.1 metres (7 ft) tall, carved out of a single block of sandstone and highly polished, was secured to its monolithic column by a metal dowel.-Harle, J. C. (1994) [1986]. The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent (2nd ed.
M-286. ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' ibbho 'merchant' baṭa 'rimless, widemouthed pot' rebus: b... more M-286. ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' ibbho 'merchant' baṭa 'rimless, widemouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' +muka 'ladle' rebus: muha 'furnace produce' + šeṣṭrĭ̄ khāra, 'squirrel'Rebus: šeṣṭrĭ̄ khār Blacksmith guild master +karana 'rim of jar' rebus: karana 'account'. Thus, blacksmith guild-master trade of iron furnace produce. M-785 prefixes kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' + sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, bell-metal workshop. M-100 suffixes karnaka 'spread legs' rebus: karnaka 'supercargo'+ reading as on M-785 H-1840 prefixes to M-100 reading-kotil 'tongs' rebus: kutil 'bronze' + badhi 'ligature' rebus: badhi 'worker in iron and wood'
Uploads
Papers by Srinivasan Kalyanaraman
dhvajapaṭa ʻflagʼ PLUS dhvajapaṭam. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773) Thus, dhā̆vaḍ koḍ ‘iron smelter workshop’.
kāraṇīka ‘steersman’ lōhakāra kammaṭa ‘blacksmith mint’
ganda ‘four’ rebus:khanda ‘implements’ bata ‘rimless pot’ rebus: bata ‘iron’ bhata ‘furnace’
Executive summary of ledgers and journals of 9412 inscriptions is presented.
1. Maritime trade ledger account (all seals with Unicorn+standard device) 2. Blacksmith; supercargo, daybook silver alloy metals ledger account 3. कारणी kāraṇī, कारणीक kāraṇīka Supercargo or Prime Minister of a State ledger account 4. Artisans village śālika ledger account
5. Miniature tablets and H-1997 with the frequent sequence of 3 signs Journal entries of wealth account hard alloy daybook transactions
-- cāli ‘Interlocking bodies’ of monkeys signify ಶಾಲಿಕ śālika a village of artificers
I submit that component 6 in the drawing is the key script cipher. सांगड sāṅgaḍa (संघट्ट S) That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig. Top and Bottom Registers taken together signify rebus: sāṅgaḍa, ‘dhow, maritime seafaring vessel’; kōndaṇa sāṅgaḍa ‘dhow with cargo of set gems in fine gold’
smelting furnace of the Kolhes’
2. pōḷa 'zebu', rebus pōḷa 'iron ore, magnetite ore‘
3. ibha ‘elephant’ rebus: ib ‘iron’ ibbo ‘merchant’
4. dhaṭu 'scarf‘ rebus: dhatu ‘ore’
5. ಪಣಿ paṇi. Tbh. of ಫಣಿ a snake, a cobra. (Śmd. 338)’ rebus: paṇi ‘merchant’+
Pk. phaḍa -- m.n. ʻ snake's hood ʼ, ˚ḍā -- f., M. phaḍā m., ˚ḍī f. b. A. pheṭ, phẽṭ.(CDIAL 9040) rebus: फडा phaḍā 'metals manufactory‘ (Marathi)
6. ṭaṁka, ṭaṅga (Pkt.Sindhi) 'thigh of a bovine‘ rebus: ṭaṅka-šālā, taṅka-cālai
‘Mint, place where money is coined ’
7. kul, kola ‘tiger’ rebus: kol ‘working in iron’ kolhe ‘smelter’; thus, iron smelter
8. ḍhangra 'bull'. Rebus: ḍhangar 'blacksmith'. ṭhākur ʻblacksmithʼ(Maithili)
(CDIAL 5488)
9. कांठाळ kāṇṭhāḷa 'double-sack‘ rebus: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ 'maritime (trade)‘
10. खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf rebus: कोंड kōṇḍa ’circular hamlets of guild’
11. kara ‘hand’ karāī f. 'wrist’ rebus: kara ‘revenue’ karṇīka ‘scraper’ rebus: कारणी kāraṇī, कारणीक kāraṇīka ‘prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c.’
-- sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatusʼ Rebus: ‘जांगड jāṅgaḍa ‘high-value sale transactions’ recognized in Indian jurisprudence.Thus, a double-canoe cargo manifest ledger is created in the accounting system.
"The only instance in which bitumen (undoubtedly obtained from a long distance) is used in masonry in order to make it watertight, is in the construction of this Great Bath. It is apparent that the bath used to be filled with water at regular intervals from the three wells in the neighbourhood, and there are arrangements for carefully emptying the bath through a square hole in a comer into a passage whence it was carried through a culvert high enough to allow a man to pass through it. This establishment was thus very important and unique, and it is possible that the visitors to the main temple, which stood at a short distance from the Bath, used it for ceremonial purposes. The existence of a group of small bath rooms at a short distance of the Great Bath, each of which is provided with a stairway, probably leading to a cell above, indicates the existence of an order of holy men, who were required to perform ablutions very frequently" –K.N. Dikshit, 1935, Prehistoric civilization of the Indus Valley, Univ. of Madras, p. 19.
This image depicts a Jain cosmological diagram, likely a representation of the Loka or universe according to Jain philosophy.
The central figure, adorned with numerical inscriptions and symbols, represents the structure of the universe, often divided into three realms: Urdhva Loka (upper world), Madhya Loka (middle world), and Adho Loka (lower world).
The text in Devanagari script, visible in various parts of the image, provides details and calculations related to these cosmic divisions and the beings residing within them.
The intricate details and numerical values suggest a sophisticated system of measurement and classification within Jain cosmology.
Such diagrams are used in Jainism for meditation, study, and understanding the nature of existence and the path to liberation.
tāmarasa, 'lotus' rebus: tāmra 'copper’
tsarkh ‘potter’s wheel’ rebus: arka ‘copper, gold; sun’s rays’
khara ‘onager’ rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’
ibha ‘elephant rebus ib ‘iron’ ibbho ‘merchant’
pola khũṭ ’zebu’ rebus: 'guild’ working in pola ‘magnetite ore’ smelter.
cāli 'Interlocking bodies’ Rebus: sal'workshop’ (Santali) śālika ‘village of smelter artisans ‘
Capital, or head, of a column erected by the Mauryan emperor Aśoka in Sarnath, India, c. 250 BCE. Its crowning features are four life-sized lions set back to back on a drum-shaped abacus. The side of the abacus is adorned with wheels in relief, and interspersing them, four animals, a lion, an elephant, a bull, and a galloping horse follow each other from right to left. A bell-shaped lotus forms the lowest member of the capital, and the whole 2.1 metres (7 ft) tall, carved out of a single block of sandstone and highly polished, was secured to its monolithic column by a metal dowel.-Harle, J. C. (1994) [1986]. The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent (2nd ed.