In temperate climate zones, fast-growing willow species harvested in short harvest rotations of 3... more In temperate climate zones, fast-growing willow species harvested in short harvest rotations of 3 to 10 years are an interesting source of biomass for energy or industrial purposes. The aim of this study was to determine morphological traits and biomass yields of three willow cultivars and three clones cultivated on three different types of marginal soils at two densities. Willow was grown in the Eko-Salix system, with no ploughing, with limited fertilization and cultivation measures, harvested in a 7-year rotation. The experiment showed that willow can be produced in the Eko-Salix system in extensive cultivation; however, the yield was strongly differentiated by the marginal soils and by the cultivars and clones under study and ranged from 4.4 to 17.8 Mg ha-1 year-1 DM. The mean yield from all the sites for all the cultivars and clones as well as planting densities in the experiment was 8.0 Mg ha-1 year-1 DM. The biomass yield obtained on peat-muck soil and humic alluvial soil was similar and significantly higher than on very heavy clay soil. The Ekotur cultivar gave plants with better morphological traits and the significantly highest mean yield (12.9 Mg ha-1 year-1 DM).
Certified Copies: 1980s New Zealand Photocopy Journals & the Xerographic Aesthetic
The technology of duplication and distribution determine the accessibility of literature and in t... more The technology of duplication and distribution determine the accessibility of literature and in turn technical possibilities of production and duplication are integral influences on the literature produced. From Gutenberg's moveable type to today's digital printing, the dominant technologies at the time determined the aesthetic and, to a degree, the content of the work produced. The printing and distribution of New Zealand's literature between 1975 and 2000 was dominated by the advent and uptake of offsetprinting. But the fringes of the literary mainstream were heavily influenced by the photocopier. It is on this technological advancement that I would like to focus my attention. At the time of its inception in the early 1940s, the printing method of the photocopier was dubbed 'xerography'. I will use both of these terms throughout this essay, with 'photocopier' referring to the machine itself as well as the interface between user and machine; and 'xer...
At some distance, reflecting upon reflection, he adds words from another source, his other langua... more At some distance, reflecting upon reflection, he adds words from another source, his other language and their translations. .. mokopuna, whanau. . .-Moana Nepia (187) Cultures overlap and interweave and we participate in the interweaving of our lived experiences by pulling in language and cultural implications, association, and connotation in order to communicate our lives. Albert Wendt argues in 'Towards a New Oceania,' that this coming together is not only a coincidence of social interactions, but a fundamental element of society: "the life-blood of any culture is the diverse contributions of its varied sub-cultures. Basically, all societies are multicultural" (14). As such we traverse contact zones: between our various genealogical ties and our upbringing within the cultures of our families, and between inherited cultures and those of colonial legacies and globalisation. The path of cross contact is one of melding and blending rather than dividing or forcing ide...
Uploads
Papers by Makyla Curtis