Papers by Zaka Ur Rehman Malik
The Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Applications, 2016
Frozen Jacobian iterative methods are of practical interest to solve the system of nonlinear equa... more Frozen Jacobian iterative methods are of practical interest to solve the system of nonlinear equations. A frozen Jacobian multi-step iterative method is presented. We divide the multi-step iterative method into two parts namely base method and multi-step part. The convergence order of the constructed frozen Jacobian iterative method is three, and we design the base method in a way that we can maximize the convergence order in the multi-step part. In the multi-step part, we utilize a single evaluation of the function, solve four systems of lower and upper triangular systems and a second frozen Jacobian. The attained convergence order per multi-step is four. Hence, the general formula for the convergence order is 3 + 4(m - 2) for m = 2 and m is the number of multi-steps. In a single instance of the iterative method, we employ only single inversion of the Jacobian in the form of LU factors that makes the method computationally cheaper because the LU factors are used to solve four syste...
Hazards and Critical Control Points of Food Preparation and Storage in Homes in a Village and a Town in Pakistan
Journal of Food Protection, 1992
Hazard analyses were conducted in 13 homes in each of a village and a town in Pakistan. Pulses, l... more Hazard analyses were conducted in 13 homes in each of a village and a town in Pakistan. Pulses, lentils, chick peas, potatoes, rice, and combinations of them, curd, and weaning preparations were commonly prepared in both locations, and meat dishes were prepared in the town. Cooked foods were left, usually at room ambient temperature, overnight in over 50% of the homes. Samples of foods cooked in the morning and eaten at noon usually had mesophilic aerobic colony counts less than 104 CFU/g, but those left overnight usually ranged between 106–9 CFU/g. Coliform bacteria were isolated from 77% of samples; many of the counts exceeded 105/g. Greater than 104/g Staphylococci aureus were isolated from curd and buffalo milk which had been previously heated. Clostridium perfringens were isolated from 18% of samples; once from pulses left overnight in quantities exceeding 107/g. Only three samples contained Bacillus cereus. Salmonella was not recovered from any of 28 samples. Hazards were prim...
Hazards and Critical Control Points of Street-Vended Chat, a Regionally Popular Food in Pakistan
Journal of Food Protection, 1992
A hazard analysis (which included watching operations, measuring temperatures of foods throughout... more A hazard analysis (which included watching operations, measuring temperatures of foods throughout preparation and display, and sampling and testing for microorganisms of concern) was conducted of a street vendor's operation. Chat is a popular dish in certain areas of Pakistan. It consists of sliced cooked potatoes, fried graham and pulse dough, and chick peas or red beans garnished with lasi (a fermented milk) and a fruit syrup. Staphylococci reached the cooked potatoes during peeling, cutting, and other handling. These bacteria increased up to 105 while the contaminated foods were held for several hours. Counts up to 105 Bacillus cereus were isolated from the cooked doughs after a 6-h or longer holding period. Large numbers (usually >105) of coliform bacteria and aerobic mesophilic colonies (106–9) were isolated from all foods after handling and holding for several hours. Ingestion of these foods must be considered high risk unless handling of cooked items can be kept to a m...
Journal of Food Protection, 1992
Hazard analyses (which included watching operations, measuring temperatures of foods throughout p... more Hazard analyses (which included watching operations, measuring temperatures of foods throughout preparation and display, and sampling and testing for microorganisms of concern) were conducted of vending operations at a railway and a bus station in a large city in Pakistan. Commonly prepared foods which were surveyed included: rice, pulses, chick peas, ground meat and potato mixtures, meat stew, and okra. Temperatures were measured and samples were collected from a variety of other foods. Large numbers (104–7) of Clostridium perfringens were isolated from samples of pulses, ground meat dishes, and chick peas collected during display, 8 to 10 h after cooking. Aerobic colony counts were also high in these and other foods that were held for several hours, unless hot, at temperatures >55°C throughout the holding periods or periodic reheating practiced (which was done by a few vendors). Cooking was usually thorough, but spores survived which germinated during the display period. High t...
Risks of Salmonellosis and Staphylococcal Food Poisoning From Pakistani Milk-based Confectioneries
Journal of Food Protection, 1992
Hazards of milk-based products were conducted in three confectionery manufacturing shops in a cit... more Hazards of milk-based products were conducted in three confectionery manufacturing shops in a city in Pakistan. The incoming khoa (a heat-concentrated milk product having a water activity of approximately 0.97) was initially contaminated with staphylococci and contained enterotoxin. The confectionery was subsequently cooked to temperatures that would be lethal to staphylococci, but staphylococci were often found in high numbers in the finished products. Recontamination occurred during handling. Khoa-filled confectionery and confectionery made from renin-processed cheese were contaminated by salmonellae. The contaminants reached the products either during cooling or handling after cooking. Multiplication occurred in the warm environment of the shop and may continue in products having high water activity during transport and within retail outlets. Critical control points are source of ingredients (particularly khoa), formulation, cooking (except for preformed enterotoxins), cooling, a...
Numerical Iterative Method Coc
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 1989
To assess the incidence of aflatoxins contamination in different commodities, a representative co... more To assess the incidence of aflatoxins contamination in different commodities, a representative countrywide study was conducted. One hundred composed samples of cereals, grains, spices, condiments and refined and raw sugars were analysed for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The moisture contents of all the food samples were also invariably determined. Only 6% of the samples namely maize and red chillies were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin B1 and B2 respectively. The percentage of samples contaminated among maize was 41.6 and the level of aflatoxin B1 ranged between 11.12 micrograms/Kg to 82.33 micrograms/Kg. In red chillies contamination was 25% and the level of aflatoxin B2 was 41.67 micrograms/Kg.
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 1992
The study was designed to assess the impact of the supplementation levels of iodine in salt suppl... more The study was designed to assess the impact of the supplementation levels of iodine in salt supplied since the last 12 years to Gilgit and Hunza, an endemic goitre area of Pakistan. The overall prevalence of visible goitre is reduced from 61.36% to 4.68%. Results of urinary excretion of iodine (UEI) indicate severe to mild iodine deficiency among 70.41% of the randomly surveyed households. Severely deficient are 3%, moderate 29.54% and mild 37.87%, criteria of UEI being less than 2.0 micrograms/dl, 2-5 micrograms/dl and 5-10 micrograms/dl respectively. Levels of iodine supplementation in 267 iodized salt samples at production (n = 128) and consumption (n = 139) points are compared with a mean +/- SD are 70.86 +/- 29.73 ppm and 37.24 +/- 20.47 ppm respectively, representing 566.8 +/- 237.8 micrograms and 297.9 +/- 163.7 micrograms of iodine per 8.0 gram of salt. It is suggested to replace common salt with iodized salt in the goitre area to ensure the use by all households and quality...
Planned external fixation to locked intramedullary nailing conversion for open fractures of shaft of femur and tibia
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2005
To determine the outcome of initial external fixation and then conversion to intramedullary naili... more To determine the outcome of initial external fixation and then conversion to intramedullary nailing in patients having open fracture of shaft of femur or tibia. Descriptive study. Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Quetta, from July 2002 to July 2004. Out of 59 patients with fractures of shaft of tibia and femur, 16 were selected for the study who had open fractures in Gustilio type I, II and III. They were initially managed with external fixators and later on converted to planned locked intramedullary nailing. Interlocking nailing was done on routine operation list in the third week after Ex Fix (external fixator) was removed. Record of patients was kept, and was statistically analyzed on SPSS. Out of the 16 patients, 12 had fractures of femur and 4 had fractures of tibia. Male to female ratio was 7:1. Mean duration of external fixation was 6.22 weeks. Six patients underwent closed interlocking nailing and 10 patients with open method. Fifteen fractures (94%) united within 6 months,...
Mass casualty management after a suicidal terrorist attack on a religious procession in Quetta, Pakistan
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2006
To determine the effectiveness of hospital management, considering triage system, hospital staff ... more To determine the effectiveness of hospital management, considering triage system, hospital staff response, medical resources availability, and surgical management depending upon the nature and pattern of injuries in a mass casualty incident. Descriptive. Combined Military Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan in March 2004. All injured by gunshot or blast in a terrorist attack and reported to the hospital were included in this study. Patients were triaged by the triage team using "triage sieve" into priority I, II, III, and IV. Priority I patients were further triaged by using "trauma index" to prioritize for surgery. Phase I included life saving, Phase II limb saving surgery and Phase III for debridement. All data was recorded and analyzed. Hospital received 161 casualties among whom 20 were brought in dead, and 141 patients were admitted to the hospital. Mean age was 26.63 +/- 13.97. The cases were categorized as Priority-I 22.7%, Priority-II 14.72%, Priority-III 50.31% a...
Journal of Interpolation and Approximation in Scientific Computing, 2013
In this paper, we propose a two-step method with fifth-order convergence and a family of optimal ... more In this paper, we propose a two-step method with fifth-order convergence and a family of optimal three-step method with tenth-order convergence for finding the simple roots of nonlinear equations. The optimal efficiency indices are all found to be 5 1 3 ≈ 1.71 and 10 1 4 ≈ 1.78. Some numerical examples illustrate that the algorithms are more efficient and performs better than other methods.
Triage and management of mass casualties in a train accident
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2004
The purpose of this study was to assess the practicality and usefulness of different scoring syst... more The purpose of this study was to assess the practicality and usefulness of different scoring systems of triage process in mass casualty management. Descriptive/observational. An experience of management of train accident in Balochistan in the year 2003. One hundred and twenty-two patients injured in train accident of Quetta Express were included in the study. A trauma team reached the site of the accident. Triage was done at three levels. "Triage sieve" scoring system was used at the site of accident, "field categories of trauma patients" at Primary Health Care Centre, and "ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) secondary survey" at tertiary referral centre. Helicopters and ambulances were used for evacuation of patients. There were 122 injured patients. " Triage sieve " system scored 14(11.47%) patients in priority I, 21(17.21%) patients in priority II, 80(65.57%) patients in priority III and 7(5.73%) dead individuals in priority IV at the site ...
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Papers by Zaka Ur Rehman Malik