Papers by Mariusz Urbański
K. Budzyńska i B. Konat dziękują za fi nansowe wsparcie ze strony brytyjskiej instytucji Innovate... more K. Budzyńska i B. Konat dziękują za fi nansowe wsparcie ze strony brytyjskiej instytucji Innovate UK w ramach grantu 101777. 314 KRZYSZTOF SZYMANEK I IN.
This position paper of Working Group 2 of the European Network for Argumentation and Public Polic... more This position paper of Working Group 2 of the European Network for Argumentation and Public Policy Analysis (COST Action CA17132; https://publicpolicyargument.eu) reviews goals and functions of public argumentation. Drawing on a variety of disciplines, the paper introduces basic distinctions and charts out options. It is meant to guide reflection on the conceptual basis for the Action’s subsequent research regarding the analysis, evaluation, and design of public argumentation.
Abdukcja jest zjawiskiem o tyle kłopotliwym, że możliwych odpowiedzi na pytanie: "na czym właściw... more Abdukcja jest zjawiskiem o tyle kłopotliwym, że możliwych odpowiedzi na pytanie: "na czym właściwie polega rozumowanie abdukcyjne?" jest kilka i są one konkurencyjne. W pierwszej części przygotujemy grunt pod prezentację owych konkurencyjnych odpowiedzi. Zaczniemy, w rozdziale 1, od przedstawienia dwóch teorii rozumowań abdukcyjnych, jakie znaleźć można w pismach "ojca założyciela" badań nad abdukcją Charlesa Sandersa Peirce'a. Pomimo wielu niejednoznaczności i braku precyzji teorie te są znakomitym punktem wyjścia dalszych rozważań, głównie z uwagi na fakt, że wszelkie późniejsze próby zdefiniowania abdukcji w taki czy inny sposób do Peirce'owskich teorii się odnoszą -czy to rozwijając je, czy precyzując, czy wreszcie próbując krytykować. W rozdziale 2 przyjrzymy się natomiast kilku istotnym rozstrzygnięciom, których należy dokonać, aby możliwe było zbudowanie spójnej teorii abdukcji. Esej poświęcony pojęciu abdukcji Jaakko Hintikka rozpoczyna od słów następujących: Powiada się czasem, że największą filozoficzną umiejętnością jest wynajdywanie nowych, ważnych problemów filozoficznych. Jeśli tak rzeczywiście jest, to Peirce'a należy uznać za jedną z najjaśniejszych gwiazd na filozoficznym firmamencie. Stawiając pojęcie abdukcji w samym centrum pola widzenia filozofii, stworzył on problem, który [...] jest centralnym problemem współczesnej epistemologii [Hintikka 1999, s. 91] 1 . Nie ulega wątpliwości, że pojęcie rozumowania abdukcyjnego jest jednym z bardziej istotnych pojęć w filozofii Peirce'a i że w ciągu ponad pięćdziesięciu lat jej rozwoju rola tego pojęcia systematycznie rosła, ale nie jest jasne, jak właściwie sam Peirce je rozumiał. Jak pisze Fann w swojej fundamentalnej monografii poświęconej Peirce'owskiej teorii abdukcji: Pisma [Peirce'a] poświęcone temu zagadnieniu są zwykle fragmentaryczne i, w konsekwencji, znajdziemy w nich wiele poglądów różnych między sobą [Fann 1970, s. 5]. Frankfurt formułuje osąd nawet bardziej stanowczy: [...] Peirce nie przedstawia systematycznego, spójnego poglądu na temat abdukcji; choć opisując abdukcję, nieodmiennie mówi o hipotezach, zupełnie nie jest jasne, co właściwie ma zamiar o nich powiedzieć [Frankfurt 1958, s. 593]. 12 Co do związków pomiędzy wnioskowaniami wprost i niewprost a syntetycznymi i analitycznymi metodami dowodowymi, por. Urbański [2002, s. 7-11].
Ruch Filozoficzny, Jun 22, 2019
Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2019 Federated Conference on, Oct 2, 2016
This paper presents preliminary results of an application of artificial neural networks and Backp... more This paper presents preliminary results of an application of artificial neural networks and Backpropagation learning algorithm to solve logical abductive problems. To represent logic programs in the form of artificial neural networks CIL 2 P approach proposed by Garcez et al. [3] is employed. Our abductive procedure makes use of translation of a logic program representing a knowledge base into a neural network, training of the neural network with an example representing an abductive goal and translation of the trained network back to the form of a logic program. An abductive hypothesis is represented as the symmetric difference between the initial logic program and the one obtained after training of the network. The first part of the paper introduces formal description of the tools used to model the abductive process, while the second part illustrates our contribution with results of a few computational experiments and discusses the ways of possible improvements of the proposed procedure.
Studia Logica, Oct 25, 2021
The aim in this paper is to define an Abductive Question-Answer System for the minimal logic of f... more The aim in this paper is to define an Abductive Question-Answer System for the minimal logic of formal inconsistency mbC. As a proof-theoretical basis we employ the Socratic proofs method. The system produces abductive hypotheses; these are answers to abductive questions concerning derivability of formulas from sets of formulas. We integrated the generation of and the evaluation of hypotheses via constraints of consistency and significance being imposed on the system rules.
Logic and Logical Philosophy, Jul 26, 2018
The aim of this paper is to introduce erotetic search scenarios known from Inferential Erotetic L... more The aim of this paper is to introduce erotetic search scenarios known from Inferential Erotetic Logic by using the framework of epistemic erotetic logic. The key notions used in this system are those of askability and epistemic erotetic implication. Scenarios are supposed to represent all rational strategies of an agent solving the problem posed by the initial question where the interaction with an external information source is seen as a series of updates of the agent's knowledge.
Argumentation
Argumentation as the public exchange of reasons is widely thought to enhance deliberative interac... more Argumentation as the public exchange of reasons is widely thought to enhance deliberative interactions that generate and justify reasonable public policies. Adopting an argumentation-theoretic perspective, we survey the norms that should govern public argumentation and address some of the complexities that scholarly treatments have identified. Our focus is on norms associated with the ideals of correctness and participation as sources of a politically legitimate deliberative outcome. In principle, both ideals are mutually coherent. If the information needed for a correct deliberative outcome is distributed among agents, then maximising participation increases information diversity. But both ideals can also be in tension. If participants lack competence or are prone to biases, a correct deliberative outcome requires limiting participation. The central question for public argumentation, therefore, is how to strike a balance between both ideals. Rather than advocating a preferred norma...
Deductive Reasoning and Learning
Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, 2012
Topoi-an International Review of Philosophy, Apr 18, 2016
This article describes the process of modification and Polish adaptation of an instrument constru... more This article describes the process of modification and Polish adaptation of an instrument constructed to assess the level of epistemological understanding. The original tool was developed by Kuhn et al. (Cogn Dev 15:309-328, 2000) in order to account for transitions between, and coordination of, subjective and objective dimensions of knowing across different judgement domains (the domains of personal taste, aesthetics, moral values, truths about the social world and truths about the physical world). Our aim was to improve its psychometric properties. The main changes included extending the list of test items, a new administration procedure and the introduction of a quantitative scoring method. The outcome is a valid, reliable and standardised instrument-the Standardized Epistemological Understanding Assessment.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods
This article presents a new tool that provides a methodological context to observe and analyze, b... more This article presents a new tool that provides a methodological context to observe and analyze, both qualitatively and quantitatively, manifestations of abductive reasoning in empirical research. Abduction is a form of a complex reasoning carried out to make sense of surprising or ambiguous phenomena or fill the gaps in our beliefs. Despite the ubiquity of abduction in professional and everyday problem-solving processes, little empirical research was dedicated to investigate this type of reasoning, and most of them focused on products of abduction—abductive hypotheses. Our instrument, Find Out, catches abduction as a real-life form of reasoning consisting of two phases—generation and evaluation of hypotheses. It offers the possibility to account on abduction from both product and process perspective and enables both qualitative and quantitative analyses on gathered data to be conducted. In this article, the task and examples of qualitative analyses of the data are presented.
This paper describes the syllabus of an introductory course in logic for cognitive science studen... more This paper describes the syllabus of an introductory course in logic for cognitive science students at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland, and offers some reflections on effective practice in teaching logic.
Journal of Language Modelling, 2018
designed the ERC and datacollection process, super-annotated the corpus and wrote the paper. W. B... more designed the ERC and datacollection process, super-annotated the corpus and wrote the paper. W. Błądek, A. Juska, A. Kostrzewa and D. Pankow annotated the ERC. K. Paluszkiewicz, O. Ignaszak, N. Żyluk and J. Urbańska contributed to the linguistic data collection. A. Gajda and B. Marciniak implemented parts of the ERC interface. 1 The term 'erotetic' stems from Greek 'erotema' meaning 'question'. The logic of question is sometimes called erotetic logic. For an overview of logically oriented approaches to questions and questioning see, e.g., Harrah (2002), or Wiśniewski (2015).
ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, 2014
In this article, results of the automation of an abductive procedure are reported. This work is a... more In this article, results of the automation of an abductive procedure are reported. This work is a continuation of our earlier research [Komosinski et al. 2012], where a general scheme of the procedure has been proposed. Here, a more advanced system developed to generate and evaluate abductive hypotheses is introduced. Abductive hypotheses have been generated by the implementation of the synthetic tableau method. Prior to the evaluation, the set of hypotheses has undergone several reduction phases. To assess usefulness of abductive hypotheses in the reduced set, several criteria have been employed. The evaluation of efficiency of the hypotheses has been provided by the multicriteria dominance relation. To comprehend the abductive procedure and the evaluation process more extensively, analyses have been conducted on a number of artificially generated abductive problems.
The way of formal modeling of a hidden agenda of an interrogator is described in terms of Inferen... more The way of formal modeling of a hidden agenda of an interrogator is described in terms of Inferential Erotetic Logic. Two examples are given: one is based on a simple detective story, the other is based on an analysis of a judge's strategy in the Turing Test.
Logic and Logical Philosophy, 2004
Recently, it has become a custom to treat questions (or, better, questioning) as a game between t... more Recently, it has become a custom to treat questions (or, better, questioning) as a game between two subjects. Unfortunately, one rarely goes beyond the scheme of Questioner-Scientist and Answerer-Nature, although the Interlocutor so conceived displays some undesirable features. This paper argues for the idea that logic of questions can be build as a logic of the game between "knowledge resources" persons or theories, rather than errant Scientist and omniscient Nature. To this end the concept of epistemically-possible worlds is discussed, which is conceived as analogous to that of possible worlds in modal logic. And, furthermore, the concepts of relation of epistemic alternativeness and of epistemically-alternative worlds are introduced. On this basis a version of semantics for propositional, three-valued logic of questions is offered and semantic proofs of some theses are given.
In this paper we outline a goal-directed abductive problemsolving procedure, developed within the... more In this paper we outline a goal-directed abductive problemsolving procedure, developed within the framework of Inferential Erotetic Logic. This procedure is considered to be the core procedure of a reasoning engine for multi-layer self-organizing systems, which will, in particular, automatically manage reconfiguration of components in a given system in a safe and optimal way and its adaptation.
Topoi, 2016
This article describes the process of modification and Polish adaptation of an instrument constru... more This article describes the process of modification and Polish adaptation of an instrument constructed to assess the level of epistemological understanding. The original tool was developed by Kuhn et al. (Cogn Dev 15:309-328, 2000) in order to account for transitions between, and coordination of, subjective and objective dimensions of knowing across different judgement domains (the domains of personal taste, aesthetics, moral values, truths about the social world and truths about the physical world). Our aim was to improve its psychometric properties. The main changes included extending the list of test items, a new administration procedure and the introduction of a quantitative scoring method. The outcome is a valid, reliable and standardised instrument-the Standardized Epistemological Understanding Assessment.
Logic and Logical Philosophy, 2018
We claim that abduction should primarily be studied from the perspective of its use. The big ques... more We claim that abduction should primarily be studied from the perspective of its use. The big question "What is abduction?" is most often interpreted substantively and this distracts attention from the instrumental aspect of this form of reasoning. We propose to address the problem by asking "How abduction is used?". As a result of our approach we see the fact that abduction needs to be construed as concerned with both generation and evaluation of hypotheses, and, furthermore, that abduction is a compound form of reasoning.
Logic and Logical Philosophy, 2017
The article describes the construction process of Deductive Flexibility Test considered a diffi... more The article describes the construction process of Deductive Flexibility Test considered a difficult deductive reasoning measure and the research on correlations between fluency in difficult deductive reasoning and other cognitive abilities. The main goal in the research was to examine the relations between Deductive Flexibility Test scores and results of Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices fluid intelligence test. Additionally, the measures of the need for cognitive closure and epistemological understanding were included in the study. The results of the study revealed that Deductive Flexibility Test is a reliable instrument and thus can be used for research purposes. We found low or even no statistically significant correlations between the chosen variables. The directions of further research are discussed.
Uploads
Papers by Mariusz Urbański