Papers by Kannan Krishnamurthi
Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Testing in Environmental Pollution Control
Environmental pollution presents the most unfortunate by-product of human civilization, which is ... more Environmental pollution presents the most unfortunate by-product of human civilization, which is threatening not only humans themselves but also the ecosystem. Pollution can take different forms such as air, water, soil, noise, light, heavy metal, and organic pollutions, but the effects are generally devastating. Among the different effects of pollution, mutagenic and genotoxic effects are long known. These effects are of utmost concern as they can lead to deadly diseases including cancer and can also be passed through future generations, affecting population gene pool and structures. With this realization, several short-term and long-term studies have been carried out to develop databases of mutagenic pollutants. With the developments in mutagenicity testing protocols, new mutagens are regularly being identified. The current chapter highlights the need to include genotoxicity and mutagenicity testing requirements in routine pollution monitoring programs, which are currently based m...
Micro(nano)-plastics in the environment and risk of carcinogenesis: Insight into possible mechanisms
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021
Abstract Micro(nano)-plastics (MP/NPs) ubiquity in the environment constitutes the global environ... more Abstract Micro(nano)-plastics (MP/NPs) ubiquity in the environment constitutes the global environmental and toxicological related issues of the 21st century. MP/NPs are now constantly observed in all components of the environment including many human consumer products; sea food, milk, beer, honey, bottle and tap water, salts, tea, drinks, and in human faeces and placenta. However, the potential health impacts in wildlife and humans are still poorly understood. This critical review provides comprehensive information on the ubiquity of MP/NPs in human consumer products, potential exposure route, uptake and translocation in the body and the associated pathophysiological effects. It also presents insight into the possible mechanisms that can lead to initiation and progression of cancer pathogenesis in the body. The possible mechanisms of MP/NPs induced cancer formation are centered on individual and or interactive effects of reactive oxygen species, induction of oxidative stress, genome instability, and chronic inflammation. This provides a strong evidence for a mechanistic approach to MP/NPs carcinogenic potentials. However, whether these mechanisms are realizable remained to be investigated in wildlife and human studies.
Environmental prevalence, fate, impacts, and mitigation of microplastics—a critical review on present understanding and future research scope
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020
Microplastics are considered to be ubiquitous and widespread emerging contaminants. They are pers... more Microplastics are considered to be ubiquitous and widespread emerging contaminants. They are persistent in the nature and pose considerable harm to the environment. Their omnipresence is documented in almost all aquatic habitats, several atmospheric and terrestrial environments, and also in human consumables. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the environmental prevalence of the microplastics in all environmental compartments, and their possible adverse impacts. It also presents review of the studies conducted in India and the epitome of potential mitigation measures. The need and direction of future research are highlighted. The review will help in determining the exposure levels, environmental consequences, and risk estimations, and will guide the researchers and policymakers.
Assessment of Microplastics in Roadside Suspended Dust from Urban and Rural Environment of Nagpur, India
International Journal of Environmental Research, 2020
Contamination from microplastics is a growing concern around the globe that materialized over the... more Contamination from microplastics is a growing concern around the globe that materialized over the last few decades. Road dust is one of the main contributors of microplastics in an urban environment and presence of microplastics can be a major detriment to health of urban population. The present study focuses on the presence, quantification, and identification of microplastics in the ambient air. Coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particulates from urban and rural sites of Nagpur, India is collected using high volume air samplers for weekdays and weekends for a period of 24 h. Samples are collected in Polytetrafluoroethylene filter papers and are analyzed using a stereomicroscope, fluorescence microscopic study, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Fluorescence microscopy is conducted using Nile Red staining for analyzing the presence of microplastics and studying its shapes and colors. An average total abundance ranging from 50 to 120 particles/day is observed. Fibers are the dominant shape, and transparent/white is the dominant color observed in all four sites. FTIR analysis is conducted for identification of the chemical composition of particles in Attenuated Reflectance mode. The polymers identified in the region are low-density polyethylene, rayon, rubber fiber, polystyrene, polyaniline, polyolefin, and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride. This research identified significant contamination of the study region from microplastics and highlights the necessity of performing a comprehensive health risk analysis of the study region to examine the impact of microplastics on urban health. PM10 and PM2.5 samples are collected from urban and rural environment of Nagpur, India Microplastic particles collected from particulate samples are classified based on shape and colour White/transparent and Fibrous microplastics are found to contribute most to the study region Least contribution is from spherical and coloured microplastics Polyethylene is the dominant polymer identified in the study region PM10 and PM2.5 samples are collected from urban and rural environment of Nagpur, India Microplastic particles collected from particulate samples are classified based on shape and colour White/transparent and Fibrous microplastics are found to contribute most to the study region Least contribution is from spherical and coloured microplastics Polyethylene is the dominant polymer identified in the study region
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018
Basaiyye et al.: Cytotoxic Nature of Antioxidant Alkaloid Extracts of Tribulus terrestris L. Frui... more Basaiyye et al.: Cytotoxic Nature of Antioxidant Alkaloid Extracts of Tribulus terrestris L. Fruits The present communication dealt with cytotoxic and free radical scavenging potential of tertiary and quaternary alkaloid extracts of Tribulus terrestris fruits. Tertiary and quaternary alkaloid extracts were found to be cytotoxic to leukemic cells (Jurkat E6-1) with LC 50 values of 100 and 42 µg/ml, respectively. Compared to the control, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species were significantly reduced in the cells treated with lower concentrations of tertiary and quaternary alkaloid extracts. Cells treated with tertiary alkaloid extract demonstrated significantly elevated levels of peroxidise, catalase and superoxide dismutaselike activities, whereas cells treated with quaternary alkaloid extracts showed insignificant elevations of the tested enzyme activities, compared to the control cells. The antioxidant activity of tertiary alkaloid (100 µg/ml) extract was 46.78 and 14.92 µg/ml of ascorbic acid equivalent as estimated in ferric reducing antioxidant potential and total antioxidant assays. Quaternary alkaloid extract displayed an IC 50 value of 159 µg/ml in the nitric oxide mitigation assay. Cells treated with quaternary alkaloid extracts showed 1.4-fold increase in superoxide dismutase-like activity compared to the control cells. These results suggest that tertiary and quaternary alkaloid extracts possessed cytotoxic and free radical scavenging potential against leukemic cells.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018
Environmental occurrence of CECs poses a great threat to both aquatic life and human health. The ... more Environmental occurrence of CECs poses a great threat to both aquatic life and human health. The aim of this study was to optimize and validate SPE/ LC-(ESI)MS-MS method for simultaneous quantitative monitoring of two sub-classes of CECs (pharmaceuticals and hormones) and to estimate the concentrations of select CECs in environmental water samples. For all the tested analytes, recoveries in laboratory reagent water were greater than 81%. Average percent (relative standard deviation) RSD of the analytes in recovery, repeatability, and reproducibility experiments were ≤ 10%. Determination coefficients (r 2) of primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were estimated to be 0.9979, 0.9972, 0.9968, and 0.9962, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) for primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were 4.63 ng/L, 5.36 ng/L, 0.55 ng/L, and 0.88 ng/L, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQ) for primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were 14.72 ng/L, 17.06 ng/L, 1.766 ng/L, and 2.813 ng/L, respectively. Average recoveries in environmental water and wastewater samples were greater than 74% and RSD were ≤ 7%. Trace levels (68.33-125.70 ng/L) of primidone were detected in four environmental water samples, whereas diclofenac was not detected in any of the tested sample. Trace levels of progesterone were observed in two environmental samples (16.64-203.73 ng/L), whereas testosterone was detected in STP inlet sample (178.16 ng/L).
Chemosphere, Jan 11, 2018
Exposure to PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can elicit several types of cancer a... more Exposure to PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can elicit several types of cancer and non-cancer effects. Previous studies reported substantial burdens of PAH-induced lung cancer, but the burdens of other cancer types and non-cancer effects remain unknown. Thus, we estimate the cancer and non-cancer burden of disease, in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), attributable to ambient PM-bound PAHs exposure in Nagpur district, India, using risk-based approach. We measured thirteen PAHs in airborne PM sampled from nine sites covering urban, peri-urban and rural areas, from February 2013 to June 2014. We converted PAHs concentrations to benzo[a]pyrene equivalence (B[a]P) for cancer and non-cancer effects using relative potency factors, and relative toxicity factors derived from quantitative structure-activity relationships, respectively. We calculated time-weighted exposure to B[a]P, averaged over 30 years, and adjusted for early-life susceptibility to cancer. We estimate...
Indian Journal of Community Health, Mar 31, 2015
Introduction Methodology Results Conclusion References Citation Tables / Figures
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2015
Present study reports the identification of genomic and proteomic signatures of endosulfan exposu... more Present study reports the identification of genomic and proteomic signatures of endosulfan exposure in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). HepG2 cells were exposed to sublethal concentration (15 μM) of endosulfan for 24 h. DNA microarray and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses revealed that endosulfan induced significant alterations in the expression level of genes and proteins involved in multiple cellular pathways (apoptosis, transcription, immune/inflammatory response, carbohydrate metabolism, etc.). Furthermore, downregulation of PHLDA gene, upregulation of ACIN1 protein and caspase-3 activation in exposed cells indicated that endosulfan can trigger apoptotic cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In total 135 transcripts and 19 proteins were differentially expressed. This study presents an integrated approach to identify the alteration of biological/cellular pathways in HepG2 cells upon endosulfan exposure.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2012
Cattle grazing nearby coal-fired power stations are exposed to fly ash. The present investigation... more Cattle grazing nearby coal-fired power stations are exposed to fly ash. The present investigation aims to assess the environmental and health impacts of fly ash containing mercury emitted from thermal power plant. The health effect of fly ash were studied using 20 lactating cattle reared within a 5-km radius of s thermal power plant for the possible effect of fly ash such as the alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters of blood, milk, and urine. Results indicated that the hemoglobin levels (6.65±0.40 g/dl) were significantly reduced in all the exposed animals. Biochemical parameters viz., blood urea nitrogen (27.35 ± 1.19 mg/dl), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (43.39±3.08 IU/l), albumin, and creatinine were found to be increased, whereas serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase (29.26±2.02) and Ca 2+ were observed to be statistically insignificant in exposed animals. Mercury concentrations estimated in the blood, milk, and urine of exposed (n020) and control (n020) animals were 7.41±0.86, 4.75±0.57, 2.08±0.18, and 1.05±0.07, 0.54±0.03, 0.20±0.02 μg/kg, respectively. The significant increase (P<0.01) in the levels of mercury in blood, milk, and urine of exposed animals in comparison to control indicated that the alterations of biochemical parameters in exposed cattle could be due to their long term exposure to fly ash mercury which may have direct or indirect impact on human populations via food chain.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2013
This approach entails the comprehensive assessment of both the risk to health and risk management... more This approach entails the comprehensive assessment of both the risk to health and risk management and should encompass all stages of the water supply system, from water catchment to human consumption. 1-3 In contrast, the concentration-based approach relies solely on determining whether the end product complies with standards that ensure consumer safety. 2 Nevertheless, even with the risk-based approach, the concentration of contaminants in water ultimately determines the level of risk. However, in addition to concentration, the risk-based approach also takes into account parameters such as the level and duration of exposure to contaminants, their toxicity and the severity of the diseases they produce in assessing the need for mitigation. Furthermore, since this approach involves estimating the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), it provides a framework for systematically comparing the disease burden associated with different pollutants, 4 whether microbial, chemical or radiological. 1 In this paper, we used a risk-based approach to identify the pollutants that posed the greatest risk to human health in two Nigerian water supply schemes and which should, therefore, be prioritized for removal. Methods Two water supply schemes in Nigeria were investigated: the Asejire and Eleyele schemes in Oyo State, which was included in "hydrological area 6" in the WHO and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) country report for Nigeria. 5 The Asejire scheme, which was commissioned in 1972, is located in a suburb of the metropolis of Ibadan, about 30 km east of the city centre; the Eleyele scheme, which was commissioned in 1942, is situated within the metropolis. Ibadan is the capital of Oyo State and covers the largest area of any city in any country in tropical Africa. 6 It is also the third most populous city in Nigeria: in 2010, the population was 2 893 137. 6 The two water supply schemes are managed by the Water Corporation of Oyo State and together provide an urban piped water supply to around 25% of the people in Ibadan. 7,8 Water for the Asejire scheme is collected by a dam on the River Osun and the level is maintained at about 81 m 7 throughout the year, thereby ensuring a regular supply. Farming is prohibited in the catchment area 7 and trees were planted on the banks of the dam to prevent soil erosion and silting. The Eleyele scheme's dam collects water from two major rivers: the Ona and Ogunpa, which pass through Ibadan and are often polluted with effluent from unregulated industrial, commercial and residential quarters. 7 Water for the treatment works is abstracted using a low-lift pump in the Asejire scheme and by gravity in the Eleyele scheme. Water purification is carried out using the conventional techniques of screening, aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination. Treated water is delivered to consumers by tankers and through a pipe distribution system, which includes high-lift Objective To rank pollutants in two Nigerian water supply schemes according to their effect on human health using a risk-based approach. Methods Hazardous pollutants in drinking-water in the study area were identified from a literature search and selected pollutants were monitored from April 2010 to December 2011 in catchments, treatment works and consumer taps. The disease burden due to each pollutant was estimated in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) using data on the pollutant's concentration, exposure to the pollutant, the severity of its health effects and the consumer population. Findings The pollutants identified were microbial organisms, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc. All were detected in the catchments but only cadmium, cobalt, chromium, manganese and lead exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values after water treatment. Post-treatment contamination was observed. The estimated disease burden was greatest for chromium in both schemes, followed in decreasing order by cadmium, lead, manganese and cobalt. The total disease burden of all pollutants in the two schemes was 46 000 and 9500 DALYs per year or 0.14 and 0.088 DALYs per person per year, respectively, much higher than the WHO reference level of 1 × 10 −6 DALYs per person per year. For each metal, the disease burden exceeded the reference level and was comparable with that due to microbial contamination reported elsewhere in Africa. Conclusion The estimated disease burden of metal contamination of two Nigerian water supply systems was high. It could best be reduced by protection of water catchment and pretreatment by electrocoagulation.
Anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate in human peripheral lymphocytes challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium
Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES, 2006
To study the anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate (RCUD) in human per... more To study the anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate (RCUD) in human peripheral lymphocytes (HLC) challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium. The anticlastogenic activity of redistilled cow's urine distillate was studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (HPNLs) and human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium as established genotoxicants and clastogens which could cause induction of DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus. Three different levels of RCUD: 1 microL/mL, 50 microL/mL and 100 microL/mL, were used in the study. Manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium caused statistically significant DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus formation, which could be protected by redistilled cow's urine distillate. The redistilled cow's urine distillate posseses strong antigenotoxic and anticlastogenic properties against HPNLs and HLC treated with ...
Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 2018
Manganese is an essential trace element however elevated environmental and occupational exposure ... more Manganese is an essential trace element however elevated environmental and occupational exposure to this element has been correlated with neurotoxicity symptoms clinically identical to idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In the present study we chronically exposed human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to manganese (100μM) and carried out expression profiling of miRNAs known to modulate neuronal differentiation and neurodegeneration. The miRNA PCR array results reveal alterations in expression levels of miRNAs, which have previously been associated with the regulation of synaptic transmission and apoptosis. The expressions of miR-7 and miR-433 significantly reduced upon manganese exposure. By in silico homology analysis we identified SNCA and FGF-20as targets of miR-7 and miR-433. We demonstrate an inverse correlation in expression levels where reduction in these two miRNAs causes increases in SNCA and FGF-20. Transient transfection of SH-SY5Y cells with miR-7 and miR-433 mimics resulted...
Application of cell-based assays for toxicity characterization of complex wastewater matrices: Possible applications in wastewater recycle and reuse
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 2017
Exposure to pre-concentrated inlet or outlet STP wastewater extracts at different concentrations ... more Exposure to pre-concentrated inlet or outlet STP wastewater extracts at different concentrations (0.001% to 1%) induced dose-dependent toxicity in MCF-7 cells, whereas drinking water extracts did not induce cytotoxicity in cells treated. GC-MS analysis revealed the occurrence of xenobiotic compounds (Benzene, Phthalate, etc.) in inlet/outlet wastewater extracts. Cells exposed to inlet/outlet extract showed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS: inlet: 186.58%, p<0.05, outlet, 147.8%, p<0.01) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm: inlet, 74.91%, p<0.01; outlet, 86.70%, p<0.05) compared to the control. These concentrations induced DNA damage (Tail length: inlet: 34.4%, p<0.05, outlet, 26.7%, p<0.05) in treated cells compared to the control (Tail length: 7.5%). Cell cycle analysis displayed drastic reduction in the G1 phase in treated cells (inlet, G1:45.0%; outlet, G1:58.3%) compared to the control (G1:67.3%). Treated cells showed 45.18% and 28....
Chemosphere, 2016
h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t Chemical analysis of simulated soil leachat... more h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t Chemical analysis of simulated soil leachates from dumpsites revealed toxic metals and organic compounds (PAHs and PCBs). The simulated leachates induced morphological alterations in lymphoma, hepatocarcinoma and osteosarcoma. The leachates decreased cell viability of the exposed cell lines as assessed using MTT assay. The leachates increased DNA damage in the exposed cell lines.
BioMed Research International, 2016
Manganese is a vital nutrient and is maintained at an optimal level (2.5–5 mg/day) in human body.... more Manganese is a vital nutrient and is maintained at an optimal level (2.5–5 mg/day) in human body. Chronic exposure to manganese is associated with neurotoxicity and correlated with the development of various neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Oxidative stress mediated apoptotic cell death has been well established mechanism in manganese induced toxicity. Oxidative stress has a potential to alter the epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation. Epigenetic insight of manganese neurotoxicity in context of its correlation with the development of parkinsonism is poorly understood. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by theα-synuclein aggregation in the form of Lewy bodies in neuronal cells. Recent findings illustrate that manganese can cause overexpression ofα-synuclein.α-Synuclein acts epigenetically via interaction with histone proteins in regulating apoptosis.α-Synuclein also causes global DNA hypomethylation through sequestration of DNA methyltransferase in cytoplasm. A...
Biomass and lipid enhancement in Chlorella sp. with emphasis on biodiesel quality assessment through detailed FAME signature
Bioresource technology, Jan 2, 2015
In this study, the concentrations of MgSO4, salinity and light intensity were optimised for maxim... more In this study, the concentrations of MgSO4, salinity and light intensity were optimised for maximum biomass productivity and lipid content in Chlorella sp. Lipid synthesized at varied experimental conditions was also assessed in detail for biodiesel properties through FAME analysis. FAMEs mainly composed of C16:0, C16:1(9), C16:3(7, 10, 13), C18:0, C18:1(11), C18:2(9, 12), C18:3(9, 12, 15). The optimum biomass productivity (372.50mgL(-1)d(-1)) and lipid content (32.57%) was obtained at MgSO4-150ppm; salinity-12.5ppm, and light intensity-25μmolm(-2)s(-1). However, at this condition the cetane number, a major biodiesel property was not complying with worldwide biodiesel standard. Therefore, further optimisations were done to check the suitability of biodiesel fuel. The optimum biomass productivity (348.47mgL(-1)d(-1)) and lipid content (12.43%) with suitable biodiesel fuel properties was obtained at MgSO4-50ppm, salinity-25ppm and light intensity-100μmolm(-2)s(-1). The validation expe...
Shekh, Ajam Yakub, Kannan Krishnamurthi, Sandeep N. Mudliar, Raju R. Yadav, Abhay B. Fulke, Sivanesan Saravana Devi, and Tapan Chakrabarti. "Recent Advancements in Carbonic Anhydrase–Driven Processes for CO2 Sequestration: Minireview." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 42, ...
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
Medicinal plants are those plants which are used for medicinal purposes. Medicinal plants are com... more Medicinal plants are those plants which are used for medicinal purposes. Medicinal plants are come under herbalism (herbal medicine). From the ancient time herbal plants were used for medicinal purposes. India was rich in medicinal plants from prehistoric time. Different parts of plants are used for medicinal purposes. It has been observed that the contribution of USA in medicinal plants is just 25% whereas India contributes 80% of its share. Medicinal plants are used to treat skin problems, eye irritation, diarrhea, sleeplessness and nausea. The medicinal plants like tulsi, ginger, turmeric and aloe are used for curing several common ailments. Nitrogen is one of the essential plant nutrients. It plays an important role in the life cycle of plant. Nitrogen is the main constituent of amino acids, proteins and chlorophyll. Nitrogen increases the vegetative growth of plants. It also increases the oil content present in the medicinal plants.
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2015
Renewable, carbon neutral, economically viable alternative fuels are urgently needed to turn away... more Renewable, carbon neutral, economically viable alternative fuels are urgently needed to turn away the consequences of climate change. Photosynthetic capability of microalgae with respect to CO 2 fixation at various CO 2 partial pressures generated by CO 2 generating buffer (KHCO 3 /K 2 CO 3), increases in biodiesel precursors using IR-CO 2 sensor and modern LED lights-based modern two tier flask photobioreactor has been studied. Chlorella vulgaris and Scenesdesmus obliquus were found to produce 37.11% and 32.23% of palmitic acid (C16:0) and 30.88% and 39.73% of octadecenoic acid (C18:1) of total fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) respectively at 7.5% of CO 2 partial pressure, under the optimal values for growth. Carbon dioxide fixation rate, efficiency of conversion of biomass to calorific value and biodiesel precursors were also estimated.
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Papers by Kannan Krishnamurthi